Abstract
The majority of plant expressed sequence tags (ESTs) available in the public databases are from non-woody species such as Arabidopsis, maize, soybean, and rice, with the exception of the model tree species, Populus. In this study, we report the first EST database constructed from the commercially important tree species Acacia. ESTs were generated from pooled RNA extracted from the mature, intermediate, and young inner bark tissues of an Acacia auriculiformis x Acacia mangium hybrid. Finally, 3,182 high-quality ESTs were analyzed representing a total of 1,982 unique transcripts (663 contigs and 1,319 singletons) for the inner bark cDNA library. A total of 1,053 unigenes (1,750 ESTs) showed similarities with protein sequences in public database where 867 were significant matches (E value ≤ e−10). Further analysis performed on unigenes with significant matches and known functions identified 231 genes including genes involved in cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose biosynthesis. For cDNA library validation, quantitative real-time RT-PCR was performed to study the expression levels of the cellulose and lignin genes identified from this EST database in the phloem tissue of A. mangium, A. auriculiformis, and A. auriculiformis x A. mangium hybrid. All the seven candidate genes were expressed in all the individuals studied confirming the dependability of the EST database. The cDNA library and the EST database constructed are valuable resources for forest tree research aiming towards understanding the genetic control of wood formation and in the future endeavors to modify wood and fiber profile through marker-assisted breeding programs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adam MD, Kelley JM, Gocayne JD, Dubnick M, Polymeropulus MH, Xiao H, Merril CR, Wu A, Olde B, Moreno RF (1991) Complementary DNA sequencing: expressed sequence tags and human genome project. Science 252:1651–1656
Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman D (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215:403–410
Bao W, O’Malley DM, Whetten R, Sederoff RR (1993) A laccase associated with lignifications in loblolly pine xylem. Science 260:672–674
Bausher M, Shatters R, Chaparro J, Dang P, Hunter W, Niedz R (2003) An expressed sequence tag (EST) set from Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck whole seedlings and the implications of further perennial source invstigations. Plant Sci 165:415–422
Bevan M, Shufflebottom D, Edwards K, Jefferson R, Schuch W (1989) Tissue and cell specific activity of a phenylalanine ammonia lyase promoter in transgenic plants. EMBO 8:1899–1906
Blee KA, Choi JW, O’Connel AP (2003) A lignin specific peroxidase in tobacco whose antisense suppression leads to vascular tissue modification. Phytochem 64:163–176
Boerjan W, Ralph J, Baucher M (2003) Lignin biosynthesis. Annu Rev Plant Biol 54:519–546
Bradley DJ, Kjellborn PC, Lamb J (1992) Elicitor and wound induced oxidative cross linking of a proline rich plant cell-wall protein: a novel, rapid defense response. Cell 70:21–30
Burger A, Seth AK (2004) The ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation pathway in cancer therapeutic implications. EJC 40(15):2217–2229
Canovas F, Dumas-Gaudot E, Recorbet E, Jorrin J, Mock HP, Rossignol M (2004) Plant proteome analysis. Proteomics 4:285–298
Chapple CCS, Vogt T, Ellis BE, Somerville CR (1992) An Arabidopsis mutant defective in the general phenylpropanoid pathway. Plant Cell 4:1413–1424
Chow KS, Wan KL, Isa MNM, Bahari A, Tan SH, Harikrishna K, Yeang YH (2007) Insights into rubber biosynthesis from transcriptome analysis of Hevea brasiliensis latex. J Exp Bot 58(10):2429–2440
Delseny M, Cooke R, Raynal M, Grellet F (1997) The Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA sequencing projects. FEBS Lett 403:221–224
Dvorakova L, Cvrckova F, Fischer L (2007) Analysis of the hybrid proline-rich protein families from seven plant species suggests rapid diversification of their sequences and expression patterns. BMC Genomics 8:412–427
Ewing B, Hillier L, Wendl MC, Green P (1998) Basic-calling of automated sequencer traces using phred I. Accuracy assesement. Genome Res 8:175–185
Ewing RM, Kahla AB, Poirot O, Lopez F, Audic S, Claverie JM (1999) Large scale statistical analyies of rice ESTs reveal correlated patterns of gene expression. Genome Res 9:950–959
Grima-Pettenati J, Campargue JC, Boudet AM (1994) Purification and characterization of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase isoform from Phaseolus vulgaris. Phyto 37:941–947
Hall TA (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucl Acids Symp Ser 41:95–98
Hauffe KD, Lee SP, Subramaniam R, Douglas CJ (1993) Combinatorial interaction between positive and negative cis-acting elements control spatial pattern of 4CL-1 expression I transgenic tobacco. Plant J 4:235–253
Hays DB, Skinner DZ (2002) Development of an expressed sequence tag (EST) library for Medicago sativa. Plant Sci 161(3):517–526
Hiraga S, Sasaki K, Ito H, Ohashi Y, Matsui H (2001) A large family of class III plant peroxidases. Plant Cell Physiol 42(5):462–268
Hrubcova M, Cvikrova M, Eder J, Zon J, Machackova I (2000) Effect of exhibition of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis on peroxidase and IAA-oxidase activities and auxin contentin alfalfa suspension cultures. Plant Physiol Biochem 38(12):949–956
Hu WJ, Harding SA, Lung J, Popko JL, Ralph J, Stokke DD, Chung JT, Chiang LV (1999) Repression of lignin biosynthesis promotes cellulose accumulation and growth in transgenic trees. Nat Biotechnol 17:808–812
Huang X, Madan A (1999) A DNA sequence assembly proram. Genome Res 9:868–877
Huggett J, Dheda K, Bustin S, Zumla A (2005) Real time RT-PCR normalization; strategies and considerations. Genes Immun 6:284–289
Johnson-Flanagan AM, Owens JN (1985) Peroxidase activity in relation to suberization and respiration in white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) sedling roots. Plant Physiol 79:103–107
Lal S, Ravi V, Khurana JP, Khurana P (2009) Repertoire of leaf expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and partial characterization of stress-related and membrane transporter genes from mulberry (Morus indica L.). Tree Genet Genomes 5:359–374
Mader M, Fussl R (1982) Role of peroxidases in lignifications of tobacco cells. Plant Physiol 70:1132–1134
Maslin BR, Miller DS, Seigler JT (2003) Overview of the generic status of Acacia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). Austral Syst Bot 16(1):1–18
Mellerowicz EJ, Bausher M, Sundberg B, Boerjan W (2001) Unravelling cell wall formation in the woody dicot stem. Plant Mol Biol 47:239–274
Minibaeva FV, Gordon LK, Kolesnikov OP (2001) Role of extracellular peroxidase in the superoxide production by wheat root cells. Protoplasma 217:125–128
Nguyen PD, Ho CL, Harikrishna JA, Wong MCVL, Rahim RA (2006) Generation and analysis of expressed sequence tags from the mangrove plant, Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl. Tree Genet Genomes 2:196–201
O’Malley DM, Whetten R (1993) The role of laccase in lignifications. Plant J 4:751–757
Oh S, Park S, Han KH (2003) Transcriptional regulation of secondary growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Exp Bot 127:1513–1523
Pang SL (2007) Characterization and down regulation of lignin genes from Acacia auriculiformis x Acacia mangium hybrid. Ph.D. Dissertation. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Paux E, Tamasloukht M, Ladouce N, Sivadon P, Grima-Pettenati J (2004) Identification of genes preferentially expressed during wood formation in Eucalyptus. Plant Mol Biol 55:63–280
Pavy N, Johnson JJ, Crow JA, Paule C, Kunau T, Mackay J, Retzel EF (2007) ForestTreeDB: a database dedicated to the mining of tree transcriptomes. Nucl Acids Res 35:888–894
Saxena IM, Brown RM (2005) Cellulose biosynthesis: current views and evolving concepts. Ann Bot 96:9–21
Schoof H, Ersnt R, Nazarov V, Pfeifer L, Mewes H-W, Mayer KFX (2004) MIPS Arabidopsis thaliana Database (MAtDB): an integrated biological knowledge resource for plant genomics. Nucl Acids Res 32:373–372
Tian AG, Wang J, Cui P, Han YJ, Xu H, Cong LJ, Huang XG, Wang XL, Jiao YZ, Wang BJ, Wang YJ, Zhang JS, Chen SY (2004) Characterization of soybean genomic features by analysis of its expressed sequence tags. Theor Appl Genet 108:903–913
Ujino-Ihara T, Yoshimura K, Ugawa Y, Yoshimaru H, Nagasaka K, Tsumura Y (2000) Expression analysis of ESTs derived from the inner bark of Crytomeria japonica. Plant Mol Biol 43:451–457
Vandesompele JO, Preter KD, Pattyn F, Poppe B, Roy NV, Paepe AD, Speleman F (2002) Accurate normalization of real time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes. Genome Biol 3(34):1–11
Wagner WL, Herbst DR, Sohmer SH (1999) Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii, vol. 2. Bishop Muzium Special Publication 83. University of Hawaii and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI
Wagner A, Donaldson L, Kim H, Phillips L, Flint H, Steward D, Torr K, Koch G, Schmitt U, Ralph J (2009) Lignin manipulationin the coniferous gymnosperm Pinus radiata. Plant Physiol 149:370–383
Whetten R, Sederof R (1992) Phenylalanine ammonia lyase from loblolly pine: purification of the enzymes and isolation of complementary cDNA clones. Plant Physiol 98:380–386
Wickneswari R, Cheong PL, Pang SL, Choong CY, Harikrishna JA, Elliott RC, Vaillancourt RE (2004) Analysis of one set of expressed tagged sequences sequence tags from cDNA library of the inner bark tissues of A. mangium x A. auriculiformis interspecific hybrid (in Malay). In: Asmat A, Farah DAB, Munir AAM, Hasidah AS, Norela S, Marina Z (eds) Prosiding Simposium Biologi Kebangsaan Ke-7, Awana Genting Highlands Golf and Country Resort, Malaysia, 18–20 May 2004. pp. 477–480
Wong HC, Fear AL, Calhoon RD, Eichinger GH, Mayer R, Amikam D, Benziman M, Gelfand DH, Meade JH, Emerick AW (1990) Genetic organization of the cellulose synthase operon in Acetobacter xylinum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:8130–8134
Yamada N, Khoo KC, Nor MY (1990) Sulphate pulping characteristic of Acacia hybrid, Acacia mangium and Acacia auriculiformis from Sabah. J Trop For Sci 3:206–214
Ye ZH, Varner JE (1991) Tissue specific expression of cell wall proteins in developing soybean tissues. Plant Cell 3:23–37
Acknowledgements
This research was funded by a Priority Research Grant under the Intensified Research Project Area Scheme to Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia from the Ministry of Science, Technology & Innovation, Malaysia. We also acknowledge the help of Robert C. Elliott and the Cooperative Research Centre for Forestry (Hobart, Australia).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by J. Dean
Electronic supplementary materials
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
ESM 1
(TXT 1,976 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yong, S.Y.C., Choong, C.Y., Cheong, P.L. et al. Analysis of ESTs generated from inner bark tissue of an Acacia auriculiformis x Acacia mangium hybrid. Tree Genetics & Genomes 7, 143–152 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-010-0321-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-010-0321-y