Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Reliable network connectivity in wireless sensor networks for remote monitoring of landslides

  • Published:
Wireless Networks Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Providing reliable communications in a remotely monitored large-scale deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks is a challenging task. In this paper, we deal with such a deployment to monitor a landslide prone zone where the nodes sense geological attributes essential for early warning. The deployment area is a hilly mountain with different demographic characteristics. Establishing network connectivity in this deployment site for real-time streaming of sensor data involves dealing with site specific challenges such as asymmetric links, dynamic network conditions due to rough weather, inadequate solar power, network fail-over and re-connection problem etc. Our deployment makes use of only a few number of relay nodes for connecting the wireless sensor network to a field management center through an IoT gateway. The field management center makes use of multiple fault-tolerant WAN networks to relay the data to a remote central data management center for deep data analysis and for generating early warnings prior to a catastrophic event. This paper provides insights into our experiences from successful deployment of a WSN system and reports real-time measurements taken in the field for ensuring network reliability. Evaluation of our system reflects that the network is able to provide reliable communication by providing a fail-over for streaming data with less than a minute to re-establish the connection and the gateway software is capable of handling heterogeneous sensor readings at a rate up-to 1700/s within a latency of 10 s while delivering the data to the data center. The system also achieves highly accurate time synchronization in the order of microseconds throughout the network.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Corke, P., Wark, T., Jurdak, R., Hu, W., Valencia, P., & Moore, D. (2010). Environmental wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE (pp. 1903–1917).

  2. de la Piedra, A., Benitez-Capistros, F., Dominguez, F., & Touhafi, A. (2013). Wireless sensor networks for environmental research: A survey on limitations and challenges. In IEEE EUROCON.

  3. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2018). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_zone.

  4. Giorgetti, A., Lucchi, M., Tavelli, E., & Barla, M. (2016). A robust wireless sensor network for landslide risk analysis: System design, deployment, and field testing. IEEE Sensors Journal, 16, 6374–6386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Harijaona, F. (2009). Delaunay triangulation algorithm and application to terrain generation. Postgraduate Diploma Thesis, African Institute of Mathematical Sciences.

  6. IEEE 1451. (1996). Smart transducer interface standards.

  7. Kennedy, G., & Davis, B. (1999). Electronic communication systems (4th ed.). New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Kumar, S., Rangan, V. P., & Ramesh, M. V. (2016). Pilot deployment of early warning system for landslides in Eastern Himalayas: Poster. In 10th ACM workshop on wireless network testbeds, experimental evaluation and characterization (pp. 97–99).

  9. Kumar, S., Rangan, V. P., & Ramesh, M. V. (2017). Design and validation of wireless communication architecture for long term monitoring of landslides. In 4th World landslides forum (pp. 51–60).

  10. Lee, H. C., Ke, K. H., Fang, Y. M., Lee, B. J., & Chan, T. C. (2017). Open-source wireless sensor system for long-term monitoring of slope movement. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 66, 767–776.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Li, J., Andrew, L. L., Foh, C. H., Zukerman, M., & Chen, H. H. (2009). Connectivity, coverage and placement in wireless sensor networks. Sensors, 9, 7664–7693.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Mainetti, L., Patrono, L., & Vilei, A. (2011). Evolution of wireless sensor networks towards the Internet of Things: A survey. In SoftCOM 2011, 19th international conference on software, telecommunications and computer networks (pp. 1–6).

  13. Morello, R., Capua, C. D., & Lugarà, M. (2013). The design of a sensor network based on IoT technology for landslide hazard assessment. In 4th Imeko TC19 symposium environmental instrumentation and measurements protecting environment, climate changes and pollution control (pp. 99–103).

  14. Navarro, M., Davis, T. W., Liang, Y., & Liang, X. (2013). A study of long-term WSN deployment for environmental monitoring. In IEEE 24th international symposium on personal, indoor and mobile radio communications (PIMRC) (pp. 293–297).

  15. Ramesh, M. V. (2014). Design, development, and deployment of a wireless sensor network for detection of landslides. Ad-Hoc Networks, 13, 2–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. The watchers-watching the world evolve and transform. (2017). https://watchers.news/2017/02/02/landslides-casualties-2016.

  17. Wang, P., Sun, Z., Vuran, M. C., Al-Rodhaan, M. A., Al-Dhelaan, A. M., & Akyildiz, I. F. (2011). On network connectivity of wireless sensor networks for sandstorm monitoring. Computer Networks, 55, 1150–1157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Wang, H., Roman, H. E., & Liyong, Y. (2014). Connectivity, coverage and power consumption in large-scale wireless sensor networks. Computer Networks, 75, 212–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Wang, Y., Liu, Z., Wang, D., Li, Y., & Yan, J. (2017). Anomaly detection and visual perception for landslide monitoring based on a heterogeneous sensor network. IEEE Sensors Journal, 17, 4248–4257.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Xu, N., Huang, A., Hou, T., & Chen, H. (2012). Coverage and connectivity guaranteed topology control algorithm for cluster based wireless sensor networks. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 12, 23–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Yang, Z., Shao, W., Qiao, J., Huang, D., Tian, H., LeI, X., et al. (2017). A multi-source early warning system of mems based wireless monitoring for rainfall-induced landslides. MDPI Journal of Applied Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7121234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express gratitude for the immense amount of motivation and research solutions provided by Sri. Mata Amritanandamayi Devi, The Chancellor, Amrita University. The authors would also like to thank the UN recognized NGO, Mata Amritanandamayi Math, for the help, continuous support and co-funding of the landslide project which is a societally beneficial system.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Amrita Center for Wireless Networks and Applications (AmritaWNA), Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Viswa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, India

    Sangeeth Kumar, Subhasri Duttagupta, Venkat P. Rangan & Maneesha Vinodini Ramesh

Authors
  1. Sangeeth Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Subhasri Duttagupta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Venkat P. Rangan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Maneesha Vinodini Ramesh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Subhasri Duttagupta.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kumar, S., Duttagupta, S., Rangan, V.P. et al. Reliable network connectivity in wireless sensor networks for remote monitoring of landslides. Wireless Netw 26, 2137–2152 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-019-02059-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-019-02059-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation