Abstract
Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), a special type of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs), is characterized by a very high mobility. Due to the dynamic nature of vehicle nodes and unstable wireless links, the design of an efficient and effective routing scheme is serious challenging for VANETs. Thus, proposing a reliable routing protocol for important data dissemination is essential for VANETs. In this paper, a clustering-based routing protocol is introduced where nodes are clustered according to movement information such as node degree and velocity of vehicles by means of imperialist competitive algorithm. Then, the cluster head is selected by means of radial basis function neural network algorithm according to amount of free buffer space and expected transmission count. Simulation results indicated that the proposed scheme improves the other related algorithms in terms of the parameters of packet delivery rate, throughput and end-to-end delay.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ghaffari, A. (2017). Real-time routing algorithm for mobile ad hoc networks using reinforcement learning and heuristic algorithms. Wireless Networks, 23, 703–714.
Yu, F., Li, Y., Fang, F., & Chen, Q. (2007). A new TORA-based energy aware routing protocol in mobile ad hoc networks. In 2007 3rd IEEE/IFIP international conference in central Asia on internet (pp. 1–4).
Li, Y., Wang, Z., Cao, B., & Huang, W. (2011). Impact of spectrum allocation on connectivity of cognitive radio ad-hoc networks. In 2011 IEEE global telecommunications conference-GLOBECOM 2011 (pp. 1–5).
Li, Y., Zhang, R., Cao, B., You, X., & Daneshmand, A. (2011). A distributed cooperative MAC for cognitive radio ad-hoc networks. In 2011 IEEE symposium on computers and communications (ISCC) (pp. 1038–1043).
Liu, Z., Zhou, Y., Li, Y., & Chen, Q. (2008). Capacity of multi-path routing in wireless ad hoc networks. In 2008 4th international conference on wireless communications, networking and mobile computing (pp. 1–4).
Li, Y., Song, S., & Daneshmand, M. (2016). A store-and-forward cooperative MAC for wireless ad hoc networks. Mobile Networks and Applications, 21, 1024–1031.
Zhanjun, L., Rui, W., Qilie, L., Yun, L., Qianbin, C., & Ping, W. (2009). An energy-constrained routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. In 2009 international conference on communication software and networks (pp. 504–507)
Cunha, F., Villas, L., Boukerche, A., Maia, G., Viana, A., Mini, R. A., et al. (2016). Data communication in VANETs: Protocols, applications and challenges. Ad Hoc Networks, 44, 90–103.
Dua, A., Kumar, N., & Bawa, S. (2014). A systematic review on routing protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks. Vehicular Communications, 1, 33–52.
Ghebleh, R. (2018). A comparative classification of information dissemination approaches in vehicular ad hoc networks from distinctive viewpoints: A survey. Computer Networks, 131, 15–37.
Memon, I., & Arain, Q. A. (2017). Dynamic path privacy protection framework for continuous query service over road networks. World Wide Web, 20, 639–672.
Memon, I., Ali, Q., Zubedi, A., & Mangi, F. A. (2017). DPMM: dynamic pseudonym-based multiple mix-zones generation for mobile traveler. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 76, 24359–24388.
Arain, Q. A., Deng, Z., Memon, I., Zubedi, A., & Mangi, F. A. (2017). Location privacy with dynamic pseudonym-based multiple mix-zones generation over road networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 97, 3645–3671.
Hasan, M. K., Ismail, A. F., Islam, S., Hashim, W., Ahmed, M. M., & Memon, I. (2019). A novel HGBBDSA-CTI approach for subcarrier allocation in heterogeneous network. Telecommunication Systems, 70, 245–262.
Li, G., Boukhatem, L., & Wu, J. (2017). Adaptive quality-of-service-based routing for vehicular ad hoc networks with ant colony optimization. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 66, 3249–3264.
Khan, S., Alam, M., Fränzle, M., Müllner, N., & Chen, Y. (2018). A traffic aware segment-based routing protocol for VANETs in urban scenarios. Computers & Electrical Engineering, 68, 447–462.
Saleh, A. I., Gamel, S. A., & Abo-Al-Ez, K. M. (2017). A reliable routing protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks. Computers & Electrical Engineering, 64, 473–495.
Cooper, C., Franklin, D., Ros, M., Safaei, F., & Abolhasan, M. (2017). A comparative survey of VANET clustering techniques. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 19, 657–681.
Fahad, M., Aadil, F., Khan, S., Shah, P. A., Muhammad, K., Lloret, J., et al. (2018). Grey wolf optimization based clustering algorithm for vehicular ad-hoc networks. Computers & Electrical Engineering, 70, 853–870.
Arain, Q. A., Uqaili, M. A., Deng, Z., Memon, I., Jiao, J., Shaikh, M. A., et al. (2017). Clustering based energy efficient and communication protocol for multiple mix-zones over road networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 95, 411–428.
Ishtiaq, A., Ahmed, S., Khan, M. F., Aadil, F., Maqsood, M., & Khan, S. (2019). Intelligent clustering using moth flame optimizer for vehicular ad hoc networks. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 15, 1550147718824460.
Li, F., & Wang, Y. (2007). Routing in vehicular ad hoc networks: A survey. IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, 2, 12–22.
Sharef, B. T., Alsaqour, R. A., & Ismail, M. (2014). Vehicular communication ad hoc routing protocols: A survey. Journal of network and computer applications, 40, 363–396.
Liu, J., Wan, J., Wang, Q., Deng, P., Zhou, K., & Qiao, Y. (2016). A survey on position-based routing for vehicular ad hoc networks. Telecommunication Systems, 62, 15–30.
Benamar, N., Singh, K. D., Benamar, M., El Ouadghiri, D., & Bonnin, J.-M. (2014). Routing protocols in vehicular delay tolerant networks: A comprehensive survey. Computer Communications, 48, 141–158.
Kumar, S., & Verma, A. K. (2015). Position based routing protocols in VANET: A survey. Wireless Personal Communications, 83, 2747–2772.
Awang, A., Husain, K., Kamel, N., & Aïssa, S. (2017). Routing in vehicular ad-hoc networks: A survey on single-and cross-layer design techniques, and perspectives. IEEE Access, 5, 9497–9517.
Boussoufa-Lahlah, S., Semchedine, F., & Bouallouche-Medjkoune, L. (2018). Geographic routing protocols for Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs): A survey. Vehicular Communications, 11, 20–31.
Mohammed Nasr, M. M., Abdelgader, A. M. S., Wang, Z.-G., & Shen, L.-F. (2016). VANET clustering based routing protocol suitable for deserts. Sensors, 16, 478.
Lin, D., Kang, J., Squicciarini, A., Wu, Y., Gurung, S., & Tonguz, O. (2017). MoZo: A moving zone based routing protocol using pure V2 V communication in VANETs. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 16, 1357–1370.
Fekair, M. E. A., Lakas, A., & Korichi, A. (2016). CBQoS-vanet: Cluster-based artificial bee colony algorithm for QoS routing protocol in VANET. In 2016 international conference on selected topics in mobile & wireless networking (MoWNeT) (pp. 1–8).
Moridi, E., & Barati, H. (2017). RMRPTS: A reliable multi-level routing protocol with tabu search in VANET. Telecommunication Systems, 65, 127–137.
Bagherlou, H., & Ghaffari, A. (2018). A routing protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks using simulated annealing algorithm and neural networks. The Journal of Supercomputing, 74(6), 2528–2552.
Wang, S.-S., & Lin, Y.-S. (2013). PassCAR: A passive clustering aided routing protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks. Computer Communications, 36, 170–179.
Abbas, F., & Fan, P. (2018). Clustering-based reliable low-latency routing scheme using ACO method for vehicular networks. Vehicular Communications, 12, 66–74.
Liu, L., Chen, C., Qiu, T., Zhang, M., Li, S., & Zhou, B. (2018). A data dissemination scheme based on clustering and probabilistic broadcasting in VANETs. Vehicular Communications, 13, 78–88.
Khan, Z., Fan, P., Abbas, F., Chen, H., & Fang, S. (2019). Two-level cluster based routing scheme for 5G V2X communication. IEEE Access, 7, 16194–16205
Wu, C., Yoshinaga, T., Ji, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2018). Computational intelligence inspired data delivery for vehicle-to-roadside communications. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 67, 12038–12048.
Zhang, X., Yan, L., & Li, W. (2016). Efficient and reliable abiding geocast based on carrier sets for vehicular ad hoc networks. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, 5, 660–663.
Zhang, X., Cao, X., Yan, L., & Sung, D. K. (2016). A street-centric opportunistic routing protocol based on link correlation for urban vanets. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 15, 1586–1599.
Abuashour, A., & Kadoch, M. (2018). Control overhead reduction in cluster-based VANET routing protocol. In Y. Zhou & T. Kunz (Eds.), Ad hoc networks (pp. 106–115). Berlin: Springer.
Luo, Y., Zhang, W., & Hu, Y. (2010). A new cluster based routing protocol for VANET. In 2010 second international conference on networks security, wireless communications and trusted computing (pp. 176–180).
Su, H., & Zhang, X. (2007). Clustering-based multichannel MAC protocols for QoS provisionings over vehicular ad hoc networks. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 56, 3309–3323.
Memon, I. (2018). Distance and clustering-based energy-efficient pseudonyms changing strategy over road network. International Journal of Communication Systems, 31, e3704.
Wu, C., Ohzahata, S., & Kato, T. (2013). Flexible, portable, and practicable solution for routing in VANETs: a fuzzy constraint Q-learning approach. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 62, 4251–4263.
Wu, J., Fang, M., & Li, X. (2018). Reinforcement learning based mobility adaptive routing for vehicular ad-hoc networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 101, 2143–2171.
Atashpaz-Gargari, E. & Lucas, C. (2007). Imperialist competitive algorithm: an algorithm for optimization inspired by imperialistic competition. In IEEE Congress on Evolutionary computation, 2007. CEC 2007 (pp. 4661–4667).
Qasem, S. N., & Shamsuddin, S. M. (2011). Radial basis function network based on time variant multi-objective particle swarm optimization for medical diseases diagnosis. Applied Soft Computing, 11, 1427–1438.
De Couto, D. S., Aguayo, D., Bicket, J., & Morris, R. (2005). A high-throughput path metric for multi-hop wireless routing. Wireless Networks, 11, 419–434.
Wahab, O. A., Otrok, H., & Mourad, A. (2013). VANET QoS-OLSR: QoS-based clustering protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks. Computer Communications, 36, 1422–1435.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mohammadnezhad, M., Ghaffari, A. Hybrid routing scheme using imperialist competitive algorithm and RBF neural networks for VANETs. Wireless Netw 25, 2831–2849 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-019-01997-6
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-019-01997-6