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CAMP: cluster aided multi-path routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

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Abstract

In this article, we propose a novel routing algorithm for wireless sensor network, which achieves uniform energy depletion across all the nodes and thus leading to prolonged network lifetime. The proposed algorithm, divides the Region of Interest into virtual zones, each having some designated cluster head nodes. In the entire process, a node can either be a part of a cluster or it may remain as an independent entity. A non-cluster member transmits its data to next hop node using IRP-Intelligent Routing Process (based on the trade-off between the residual energy of itself as well as its neighbor, and the required energy to transmit packets to its neighbor). If on the transmission path, some cluster member is elected as a next hop, it rejects IRP and transmits the packets to cluster head, which later forwards them to sink (adopting multihop communication among cluster heads). Routing is not solely performed using clusters, rather they aid the overall routing process, hence this protocol is named as Cluster Aided Multipath Routing (CAMP). CAMP has been compared with various sensor network routing protocols, viz., LEACH, PEGASIS, DIRECT TRANSMISSION, CEED, and CBMR. It is found that the proposed algorithm outperformed them in network lifetime, energy consumption and coverage ratio.

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Notes

  1. In this article, sink and BS are interchangeably used.

  2. Among the two schemes, it greedily selects that approach which results in less energy consumption.

  3. In this article, sink and BS are interchangeably used.

  4. The time from the start of the network operation to the death of the first node in the network.

  5. Set of nodes in which no node is the immediate neighbor any other node.

  6. Nodes latch themselves to CH based on RSSI value of the CH or on the basis of distance to CH [37].

  7. Nomenclature of all the symbols are tabulated in Table 1.

  8. Neighbors are those nodes which lie in the communication range of a given node.

  9. Ideally 5–6% of the total nodes must be designated as \(Total\_CH\)s [26].

  10. This model incorporates both reception and transmission energy expended by the sensor node for communication. Nodes which performs data aggregation constitutes the \(D_{agg}\) set.

  11. Each node is assigned to a single zone only.

  12. The nearest node to the sink is more than \(d_0\) distance apart.

  13. For simulations corresponding to Figs. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16 sink is placed at the center of the field.

  14. Indeed the test cases are not exhaustive, but for our simulated scenarios, 4 zones suffice. We will further look into the formulation of the optimal number of zones in our future work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India

    Mohit Sajwan & Ajay K. Sharma

  2. Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India

    Devashish Gosain

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  1. Mohit Sajwan
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  2. Devashish Gosain
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Correspondence to Mohit Sajwan.

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Sajwan, M., Gosain, D. & Sharma, A.K. CAMP: cluster aided multi-path routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. Wireless Netw 25, 2603–2620 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-018-1689-0

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