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The status, conservation and sustainable use of Estonian wetlands

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Abstract

In Estonia, as in other countries, the area of wetlands has diminished remarkably due to different utilization for economic needs. Comparatively large areas of natural wetlands have, however, been preserved. The country’s economic and political situation has changed rapidly since the regaining of independence in 1991 and accession to the European Union in 2004 brought about new challenges for the sustainable use of natural resources. This paper provides an update of conditions of wetlands in Estonia and, in part, represents an update of the relevant materials for Estonia that are described for the country when it was under the rule of the former USSR (Botch and Masing 1983, this volume). We review the diversity and status of wetlands in Estonia and describe the main problems and challenges of sustainable wetland use. Substantial progress has been achieved in Estonia in the area of wetland conservation and a significant proportion of valuable wetlands (a total of 33 wetland habitat types covering more than 300,000 ha) are legally protected and included in the integral and united system of protected areas. All Special Protection Areas and 80% of Special Conservation Areas in the Natura 2000 network represent a lesser or greater amount of wetland habitats. The main challenges of wetland preservation and use are: (1) management of drained wetland areas that have become sources of greenhouse gases; (2) attaining the sustainable use of peat resources and ensuring the restoration of cut-away peatlands; (3) maintenance of the traditional management of valuable semi-natural wetlands. In addition, the increasing pressure of various development projects and tourism on Estonia’s wetland resources need to be evaluated. Wetlands are also seen as an important basis for sustainable development and about 100 wetlands in Estonia that are used for primary or secondary treatment of wastewater. Energy production from wetland plant biomass is considered to be a promising source for small-scale heating plants.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by Estonian Science Foundation grants No. 6083 and 7527 and Target Funding Projects SF0180052s07 and SF0180127s08 of the Ministry of Education and Science of Estonia. We also wish to thank Ms Herdis Fridolin for providing data from the Natura 2000 database compiled by the Ministry of Environment of Estonia.

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  1. State Nature Conservation Centre, Narva mnt 7a, 15172, Tallinn, Estonia

    Kai Kimmel

  2. Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 46 Vanemuise St., 51014, Tartu, Estonia

    Kai Kimmel, Ain Kull, Jüri-Ott Salm & Ülo Mander

  3. Estonian Fund for Nature, Magasini 3, 51005, Tartu, Estonia

    Jüri-Ott Salm

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Kimmel, K., Kull, A., Salm, JO. et al. The status, conservation and sustainable use of Estonian wetlands. Wetlands Ecol Manage 18, 375–395 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-008-9129-z

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