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Long-Term Tolerance Acquisition and Changes in Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Three Cladoceran Species After a 48-H Pulsed Exposure to Pirimicarb

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Abstract

We investigated (1) whether rapid acquisition of tolerance to pirimicarb would develop in three cladocerans (Daphnia magna, Scapholeberis kingi, and Ceriodaphnia cornuta) after short-term exposure and whether this tolerance was maintained in their descendants over four generations; (2) whether tolerance implies fitness costs, and whether these costs quantitatively correlated with tolerance levels; and (3) how AChE activity and AChE mRNA levels were altered by short-term exposure to pirimicarb. After 48 h of exposure to 0, 1.3, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0, and 40.0 μg/L pirimicarb only in F0 generation, the surviving cladocerans in the concentrations (0, 1.3, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 μg/L) were subsequently kept for additional three generations (F1, F2, and F3) in the absence of pirimicarb. Among the three tested cladocerans, the EC50 value (50% effective concentration for 48 h exposure, using immobility as the endpoint) of only C. cornuta increased significantly. The increased tolerance in C. cornuta was retained in F1, F2, and F3. In C. cornuta, AChE activity and AChE mRNA levels in F0 decreased significantly, but these values in F1 were comparable to those in the controls, suggesting these changes may be related to the tolerance. Direct exposure of F0 C. cornuta to 2.5 μg/L or 5.0 μg/L pirimicarb induced a decrease in intrinsic population growth rate. However, this effect disappeared as soon as exposure was removed in F1. Thus, tolerance to pirimicarb, as observed in C. cornuta, involves no fitness cost. Our findings will contribute to clarifying adaptation of aquatic organisms to chemicals.

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Acknowledgments

We thank our technical staff, Aya Kitahara, for her support for this study. We thank Dr. Makio Takeda for his support for this study. We thank Dr. Hiroyuki Mano for providing information about the bootstrap method in the R software. We thank Dr. Hiroaki Aoyama for helpful comments. We also thank Dr. Koji Satsuma for critiquing the manuscript. We thank Edanz Group (www.edanzediting.com/ac) and Editage (www.editage.jp) for editing the English language of this manuscript.

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  1. Chemistry Division and Toxicology Division, The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, Japan

    Makoto Ishimota, Risako Tajiki-Nishino, Tomoki Fukuyama, Naruto Tomiyama & Kazutoshi Ohyama

  2. Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan

    Tomoki Fukuyama

  3. Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu-shi, Toyama, Japan

    Masaki Sakamoto

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All of the authors contributed to the study conception and design. Data collection was performed by Makoto Ishimota. Material preparation and data analysis were performed by Makoto Ishimota, Risako Tajiki-Nishino, Tomoki Fukuyama, and Masaki Sakamoto. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Makoto Ishimota, and all of the authors commented on revised versions of the manuscript. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Ishimota, M., Tajiki-Nishino, R., Fukuyama, T. et al. Long-Term Tolerance Acquisition and Changes in Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Three Cladoceran Species After a 48-H Pulsed Exposure to Pirimicarb. Water Air Soil Pollut 231, 287 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04670-3

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