Abstract
Application of fungicides on grapevines is the main source of soil contamination by copper and zinc. Studies on this issue in relatively young grapevines are common; however, studies that elucidate the metal transfer in a soil-plant-food production system in a centenarian vineyard are scarce. The present work was aimed at tracing the copper and zinc accumulation in three different compartments—soil, plant, and vine products—in young and centenarian vineyards. Soil samples were collected in the middle plant row and rhizosphere positions of the vineyards; samples of root and leaf tissue and of grape juice and wine from these vineyards were also collected. In the centenarian vineyard, the soil available copper, regardless of vineyard position, reached 1100 mg kg−1. Copper in root and leaf tissues reached 12,300 mg kg−1 and 6800 mg kg−1, respectively. In grape juice and wine, copper was 9.08 mg L−1 and 0.78 mg L−1, respectively. The roots retained most part of the metals reducing their transfer through the system. However, Cu levels in the grape juice from the centenarian vineyard exceeded by 908% the limit established by Brazilian and international norms. Zinc concentrations in soil and vine products were within the permitted level. Finally, the magnitude of metal transfer and accumulation is due to decades of cupric fungicide application and varies according to the compartment evaluated. The findings will provide information to rethink the vineyard agricultural practices in order to avoid environmental contamination by metals and compromising the whole food chain.
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Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to C. Cantoni and C. Coghetto for providing the study area, to G.R. Cantoni for supporting the sample collection and chemical analysis, to L. Coghetto for supplying Fig. 1b, to J.J. Mariani and D.F. Motterle for supplying Figs. 2a, 2b, and to B.P. Bortoluzzi for the plant scheme in Fig. 2c.
Funding
The Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) by the scholarships and resources provided (process number 458553/2014-0), and by the productivity fellowship accorded to E.C.Bortoluzzi (process number 306551/2015-2). The Coordination of Improvement of Higher-Level Personel (Capes) by the Prosuc/Capes fellowship accorded to A. P. Hummes.
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Hummes, A.P., Bortoluzzi, E.C., Tonini, V. et al. Transfer of Copper and Zinc from Soil to Grapevine-Derived Products in Young and Centenarian Vineyards. Water Air Soil Pollut 230, 150 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-019-4198-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-019-4198-6