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Complexity in the Biological Recovery of Tatra Mountain Lakes from Acidification

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Abstract

Alpine lakes of the Tatra Mountains were severely affected by acidification, with minimum recorded values of pH ∼4.5 in the mid-1980s. Since the 1990s, a dramatic decrease in the deposition of acidifying compounds has led to a considerable reversal in lake water chemistry (to pH∼5 in the most severely affected lakes). We studied changes of planktonic crustaceans and chironomid occurrence during the acidification period and the following period of recovery from acidification in three categories of 50 Tatra Mountain lakes (non-acidified, acidified and strongly acidified, according to their status at the beginning of the 1980s). In acidified and strongly acidified lakes, the planktonic crustaceans completely disappeared already by about 1976 except for a few individuals of ubiquitous species in littoral zone due to acidification-induced oligotrophication. In strongly acidified lakes, the original planktonic crustaceans disappeared and littoral species became more abundant already before 1976 due to acidification-induced eutrophication and aluminium toxicity. These processes were quickly reversed following the increase in lake water pH. Extinct species started to return to several acidified and strongly acidified lakes already in the beginning of 1990s. The process of recovery was delayed in many other lakes of the same categories, however, or it did not even start before 2008 despite the improved water chemistry and feeding resources (concentration of chlorophyll-a). Compared to planktonic crustaceans, the reaction of chironomids to acidification and recent recovery has been less pronounced. An analysis of sediment records showed that fluctuations in relative abundance of the dominant chironomid taxa and a decrease of their density occurred. In spite of the fact that chironomid fauna exhibited clear signs of recovery in the last two decades, the recovered assemblage does not exactly reflect the pre-acidification status in the lake. The occurrence and higher proportion of more thermophilous chironomid species in some alpine lakes of all categories could be correlated with increasing air temperature. The considerable effect of climatic factors may thus prevent the full re-establishment of the original status even when the acidification stress completely ceases. The delayed return of planktonic crustaceans to some recovered lakes could be a consequence of the short water residence time of these lakes. In addition, a shortening of the water residence time in recent decades, probably related to recent climate change, in interaction with the ecology of planktonic crustaceans, may possibly be causing further delays in their return.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the projects of Czech Science foundation SOIL and WATER (P503-14-09231S), the Slovak Scientific Grant Agency, VEGA (No. 2/0081/13) and by the project ITMS 26210120024. It is based on a long-term field and laboratory assistance of many students and colleagues, and we gratefully acknowledge their help. Special thanks belong to Jiří Kopáček for his manuscript revision.

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  1. Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Sádkách 7, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic

    Evžen Stuchlík, Zuzana Hořická, Daniel Vondrák & Kateřina Dočkalová

  2. Department of Biology and Ecology, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, 974 01, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia

    Peter Bitušík

  3. Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic

    David W. Hardekopf, Marie Kahounová, Jolana Tátosová, Daniel Vondrák & Kateřina Dočkalová

  4. Branch of Applied Ecology, T. G. Masaryk Water Research Institute, Podbabská 30/2582, 16000, Prague 6, Czech Republic

    Zuzana Hořická

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  1. Evžen Stuchlík
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Stuchlík, E., Bitušík, P., Hardekopf, D.W. et al. Complexity in the Biological Recovery of Tatra Mountain Lakes from Acidification. Water Air Soil Pollut 228, 184 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-017-3362-0

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