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Efficiency of Bark, Activated Charcoal, Foam and Sand Filters in Reducing Pollutants from Greywater

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Abstract

Greywater is a potential resource of water that can be improved to meet the quality needed for irrigation. This study evaluated the performance of bark, activated charcoal, polyurethane foam and sand filters in removing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), surfactants, phosphorus, nitrogen and microbial indicators from greywater during start-up and steady state. In column experiments, 0.6 m high filters (diameter 20 cm) were fed for 113 days with artificial greywater at a hydraulic loading rate of 0.032 m3 m−2 day−1 and an organic loading rate of 0.014 kg BOD5 m−2 day−1. Bark and activated charcoal efficiently reduced the concentrations of organics (BOD5), surfactants (methylene blue active substances—MBAS), total phosphorus (Tot-P) and total thermotolerant coliform numbers, while sand and foam were less efficient. Bark, activated charcoal, foam and sand reduced influent BOD5 by 98, 97, 37 and 75 %; MBAS by >99, >99, 73 and 96 %; Tot-P by 97, 91, 36 and 78 %; and total nitrogen by 19, 98, 13 and 5 %, respectively. BOD5 and MBAS were efficiently reduced directly from start-up by bark and activated charcoal, while foam needed 30 days to achieve about 50 % reduction in BOD5. Bark was the most efficient filter in reducing thermotolerant faecal coliforms (2.4 log10), while foam achieved the lowest reduction (0.5 log10). Overall, bark and activated charcoal filters appeared to be the most suitable filters for improving greywater quality to reach irrigation quality in terms of organic matter reduction. Performance of these filters under higher and fluctuating loadings and the long-term sustainability of the filter materials need further investigation.

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Abbreviations

BOD5 :

Biochemical oxygen demand

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

CFU:

Colony forming unit

DOC:

Dissolved organic carbon

EC:

Electrical conductivity

MBAS:

Methylene blue active substances

SU:

Standard unit

TOC:

Total organic carbon

Tot-N:

Total nitrogen

Tot-P:

Total phosphorus

TTFC:

Thermotolerant faecal coliforms

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Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge the Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), the Swedish Research Council Formas and the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU). Special thanks to Sven Smårs, Dick Gustafsson and Carl Westberg at the Department of Energy and Technology for their technical assistance, and Emelie Kjellberg at the National Veterinary Institute for performing the microbial analyses.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7032, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden

    Sahar S Dalahmeh, Björn Vinnerås & Håkan Jönsson

  2. Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7025, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden

    Mikael Pell

  3. National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden

    Björn Vinnerås

  4. Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden

    Lars D Hylander

  5. Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7043, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden

    Ingrid Öborn

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  1. Sahar S Dalahmeh
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  2. Mikael Pell
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  3. Björn Vinnerås
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  4. Lars D Hylander
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  6. Håkan Jönsson
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Correspondence to Sahar S Dalahmeh.

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Dalahmeh, S.S., Pell, M., Vinnerås, B. et al. Efficiency of Bark, Activated Charcoal, Foam and Sand Filters in Reducing Pollutants from Greywater. Water Air Soil Pollut 223, 3657–3671 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-012-1139-z

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