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Apportionment of Sources to Determine Vehicular Emission Factors of BTEX in Kolkata, India

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Abstract

A yearlong (December 2003 to February 2005) monitoring program was undertaken for urban roadside measurement of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, m- and p-xylene, and o-xylene (BTEX) at three different sites of Kolkata, India. The concentrations of monoaromatic hydrocarbons were found to be sufficiently high. Chemical mass balance model was applied to identify the sources and estimate their percentage contribution. Vehicular exhaust emission was found to be the dominant source of the target compounds and contributed 38.8–44.8% toward total volatile organic compound (VOC) level. Assuming that the vehicular exhaust fraction of the ambient BTEX level was due to the vehicular activity in the adjacent road of the monitoring site, vehicular emission factors for individual VOCs were estimated by running CALINE4 dispersion model in an inverse way. The total emission factor, average for all vehicles, was found to be in the range of 9.1 to 43.1 mg vehicle−1 km−1 for BTEX. From the measured vehicular composition during sampling, the category-wise emission factors for light-duty vehicles (LDVs), medium-duty (MDVs), and heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs), were also estimated by constrained nonlinear regression analysis. The emission factor of benzene for heavy, medium, and light vehicles was found to be 13.4, 21.0, and 31.2 mg vehicle−1 km−1 respectively.

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Acknowledgement

The Authors’ sincerest thanks are due to Dr. Hiroto Kawashima, Department of Management Science and Engineering, Akita Prefectural University for his valuable advices for emission factor calculation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Calcutta University, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700 009, India

    D. Majumdar (née Som) & S. Sen

  2. Regional Occupational Health Centre (Eastern), Block DP, Sector V, Kolkata, 700 091, India

    A. K. Mukherjee

  3. Department of Chemistry, University College of Science Technology and Agriculture, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata, 700 009, India

    S. Sen

Authors
  1. D. Majumdar (née Som)
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  2. A. K. Mukherjee
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  3. S. Sen
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Correspondence to S. Sen.

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Majumdar (née Som), D., Mukherjee, A.K. & Sen, S. Apportionment of Sources to Determine Vehicular Emission Factors of BTEX in Kolkata, India. Water Air Soil Pollut 201, 379–388 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-008-9951-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-008-9951-1

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