Abstract
Based on the fact that water can be collected from fog under favorable topographical and atmospheric conditions. The small water droplets present in the fog precipitate when they come in contact with solid objects. The frequent fogs that occur in the southwestern region of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia have the potential to provide an alternative source of freshwater in this otherwise dry region if harvested through the use of simple and low-cost collection systems known as fog collectors. A fog collection project has been carried out in Asir region of Saudi Arabia. Three Standard Fog Collectors (SFC) were designed and manufactured with locally available materials and imported mesh. These SFCs were installed in April 2006. Three different sites were chosen based on topography and altitude and data from April 2006 to April 2007 were obtained. Measurements with the SFCs were made for regions with 2,260 to 3,200 m elevation. The results indicate that at highest altitudes (at Alsooda), it is feasible to obtain an average water production of 6.215 L/m2 day over the studied period, and in the lower altitudes, which are in Abha city, it is possible to collect more than 3.3 L/m2 day. The highest water collection was 24 L/m2 day and recorded in Dec. 20, 2006 at Al-Sahab park station, and furthermore for the same site, the best average water production of 11.5 L/m2 day was obtained in winter 3 months period namely (December, November and January). Data about the weather conditions has been collected for the studied region. An analysis of fog collection effectiveness was carried out and compared with international standards. The obtained results indicate that fog can be a useful source of water supply in the southwest region of Saudi Arabia.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdullah MA, Al-Mazroui MA (1998) Climatological study of the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia. I. Rainfall analysis. Clim Res 9:213–233. doi:10.3354/cr009213
Akasakal A (1998) Rainfall amount in Saudi Arabia and a technique to increase the rainfall by cloud seeding. Arab J Sci Eng 23:101–119
Eckardt FD, Schemenauer RS (1998) Fog water chemistry in the Namib Desert, Namibia. Atmos Environ 32(14/15):2595–2599. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00498-6
Gandihasan P, Abualhamayel H (2007) Fog collection as a source of fresh water supply in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Water and Environment Journal 21(1):19 (March 2007)
Olivier J, De Rautenbach CJ (2002) The implementation of fog water collection systems in South Africa. Atmos Res 64:227–238
Osses P, Schemenauer RS, Leibbrand M (2004) Fog collection evaluation in the Sadaa governorate, Yemen. Report by ICS and fog quest for the social fund for development in Yemen, April 2004, pp 45
Saudi Arabian Standards Organization (SASO) (1999) Available at http:/www.saso.org.sa/englis_site/index.php
Schemenauer RS, Cereceda P (1992a) The quality of fog water collected for domestic and agricultural use in Chile. J Appl Meteorol 31(3):275–290. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<0275:TQOFWC>2.0.CO;2
Schemenauer RS, Cereceda P (1992b) Monsoon cloud water chemistry on the Arabian Peninsula. Atmos Environ 26A:1583–1587
Schemenauer RS, Cereceda P (1994a) A proposed standard fog collector for use in high elevation regions. J Appl Meteorol 33:1313–1322. doi:10.1175/520-0450(1994)033<1313:APSFCF>2.0.CO;2
Schemenauer RS, Cereceda P (1994b) Fog collection’s role in water planning for developing countries. Nat Resour Forum 18:91–100 (United Nations, New York)
Schemenauer RS, Suit M (1992) Alternative water supply for Chilean coastal desert villages. Water Resour Dev 8(1):53–59. doi:10.1080/07900629208722533
WHO (1993) Guideline for drinking-water quality, vol 1, 2nd edn. Recommendations. World Health Organization, Geneva
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Al-hassan, G.A. Fog Water Collection Evaluation in Asir Region–Saudi Arabia. Water Resour Manage 23, 2805–2813 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-009-9410-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-009-9410-9