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Allocative Failures: Networks and Institutions in International Grantmaking Relationships

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Abstract

Using neo-institutional theory to guide my inquiry, I ask how foundations award international development grants in an institutionally complex environment, and if and how that process contributes to homophily in grantmaking. Employing a qualitative multiple case study method, I show that grants are awarded via interpersonal networks, a meso-level finding that suggests a second, macro-level research question: how are interpersonal networks institutionalized in this context? In my analysis, I contribute to a theoretical understanding of the recursive relationship between networks and institutions: I show how macro-level institutional practices and forms emerge from networks, and how the micro-level character of the network participants themselves ultimately shapes institutional forms. Combined, my results provide a mechanistic, multi-level understanding of the relationship between networks and institutions, as well as of how homophily operates in grantmaking. Because of the potential for social stratification and exclusion based on the structure of the network itself, I argue that such networks should be understood as “allocative failures.”

Résumé

En guidant mon enquête sur une théorie néo-institutionnelle, je cherche à savoir comment les fondations octroient leurs subventions au développement mondial dans un environnement institutionnellement complexe, et si et comment ce processus contribue à l’homophilie dans l’octroi des subventions. À l’aide d’une méthode d’étude qualitative de cas multiples, je démontre que les subventions sont octroyées par l’intermédiaire de réseaux interpersonnels, un résultat de niveau méso suggérant une seconde question de niveau macro : comment les réseaux interpersonnels sont-ils institutionnalisés dans ce contexte? Dans le cadre de mon analyse, je propose une description théorique de la relation récurrente entre les réseaux et les institutions: je démontre que les pratiques et structures institutionnelles de niveau macro émergent des réseaux et décris comment le caractère méso des intervenants du réseau sculpte ultimement les structures institutionnelles. Combinés, mes résultats dressent un portrait mécanistique à niveaux multiples de la relation entre les réseaux et les institutions, ainsi que de la façon dont l’homophilie opère dans l’octroi des subventions. En raison de la possibilité de stratification sociale et d’exclusion basées sur la structure même du réseau, j’affirme que lesdits réseaux devraient être abordés sous forme « d’échecs en matière d’allocation » .

Zusammenfassung

In Anlehnung an die neoinstitutionalistische Theorie stelle ich die Frage, wie Stiftungen in einem institutionell komplexen Umfeld internationale Entwicklungszuschüsse gewähren und inwieweit dieser Prozess zur Homophilie bei der Fördertätigkeit beiträgt. Mithilfe einer qualitativen multiplen Fallstudie demonstriere ich, dass Zuschüsse über interpersonelle Netzwerke vergeben werden. Dieses Ergebnis auf der Mesoebene führt zu einer zweiten Forschungsfrage auf der Makroebene: Wie sind interpersonelle Netzwerke in diesem Kontext institutionalisiert? Meine Analyse ist ein Beitrag zum theoretischen Verständnis über die rekursive Beziehung zwischen Netzwerken und Institutionen: Ich lege dar, wie institutionelle Praktiken und Formen auf der Makroebene aus Netzwerken hervorgehen und wie der Mikrobenen-Charakter der Netzwerkteilnehmer selbst letztendlich die institutionellen Formen gestaltet. Zusammen bieten meine Ergebnisse ein mechanistisches, mehrebiges Verständnis über die Beziehung zwischen Netzwerken und Institutionen und zeigen, wie die Homophilie in der Fördertätigkeit funktioniert. Aufgrund des Potenzials zur sozialen Schichtung und Exklusion beruhend auf der Struktur des Netzwerkes selbst argumentiere ich, dass solche Netzwerke als „allokatives Versagen“zu verstehen sind.

Resumen

Utilizando la teoría neoinstitucional para guiar mi investigación, me pregunto cómo las fundaciones otorgan las subvenciones internacionales al desarrollo en un entorno institucionalmente complejo, y si dicho proceso y cómo dicho proceso contribuye a la homofilia en la concesión de subvenciones. Mediante el empleo de un método cualitativo de estudio de múltiples casos, muestro que las subvenciones son otorgadas a través de redes interpersonales, un hallazgo de nivel meso que sugiere una segunda pregunta de investigación de nivel macro: ¿cómo se institucionalizan las redes interpersonales en este contexto? En mi análisis, contribuyo a una comprensión teórica de la relación recursiva entre redes e instituciones: muestro cómo las prácticas y formas institucionales de nivel macro emergen de las redes, y cómo el carácter de nivel micro de los propios participantes de la red dan forma en última instancia a las formas institucionales. Combinados, mis resultados proporcionan una comprensión mecanicista multinivel de la relación entre redes e instituciones, así como también de cómo la homofilia opera en la concesión de subvenciones. Debido al potencial para la estratificación social y la exclusión basadas en la estructura de la propia red, argumento que dichas redes deben ser entendidas como “fallos distributivos”.

摘要

本研究以新制度理论(neoinstitutional theory)为指导,探究了在复杂的制度环境下,各基金会是如何为国际发展提供资助的,以及该过程是否以及如何影响资助提供中的同质性(homophily)的。 通过使用定性多案例研究的方法,笔者显示,资助是通过人际关系网络而提供的,这一项中等水平的发现,引出了另一个、宏观水平的研究问题:在此背景下,人际关系网络是如何被制度化的?在分析中,笔者阐述了其对人际关系网络与制度之间的循环关系理论理解: 笔者展示了,宏观水平的制度惯例与形式是如何从人际关系网络中产生的,人际网络参与者自身的微观水平特性是如何最终塑造出制度形式的。结合起来,笔者的研究结果针对以下方面提供了一个结构化、多层次的理解:人际网络与制度之间的关系,在资助提供中,同质性是如何运作的。由于人际网络结构本身可能产生社会阶层分化与排斥,笔者认为此种人际网络应当被理解为“配置失灵(allocative failures)”。

ملخص

بإستخدام النظرية المؤسسية الجيددة لتوجيه التحقيق الخاص بي، أنا أسأل كيف المؤسسات تمنح مكافأة التنمية الدولية في بيئة معقدة مؤسسية ، وإذا وكيف أن الإجراءات تساهم في تجمع المتشابهين في المنح. توظيف أسلوب دراسة متعددة لحالات نوعية، يبين أن المنح يتم منحها عبر الشبكات الشخصية، وهي نتيجة المستوى المتوسط الذي ​​يوحي، على المستوى الكلي الثاني سؤال البحث: كيفية التعامل مع الآخرين من الشبكات المؤسسية في هذا السياق؟ في تحليلي، أنا ساهمت في الفهم النظري للعلاقات المتكررة بين الشبكات والمؤسسات: ظهر لي كيف الممارسات المؤسسية على المستوى الكلي وأشكال الخروج من الشبكات، وكيف أن شخصية على المستوى الجزئي من المشاركين في الشبكة نفسها في نهاية المطاف تشكل الأشكال المؤسسية. جنبا” إلى جنب، وتوفر نتائج لذلك، فهم الآلية المتعددة المستويات للعلاقة بين الشبكات والمؤسسات، فضلا” عن كيفية تجمع المتشابهين الذين يعملون في المنح بسبب إحتمالات التقسيم الطبقي الإجتماعي والإقصاء على أساس هيكل الشبكة نفسها، أزعم أنه ينبغي فهم هذه الشبكات “كفشل التخصيص”.

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Notes

  1. Though many foundations are also incorporated as not-for-profit non-governmental organizations, the term NGO shall be used to refer only to grantees in subsequent discussion.

  2. All names are pseudonyms.

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Acknowledgements

Funding was provided by National Science Foundation (Grant No. 2011111006).

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Kallman, M.E. Allocative Failures: Networks and Institutions in International Grantmaking Relationships. Voluntas 28, 745–772 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-017-9827-3

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