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An Empirical Examination of Formal and Informal Volunteering in Canada

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Abstract

Using data from the 2008 General Social Survey of Canada, this study examines the factors associated with individuals’ propensity to engage in formal and informal volunteering. The results show that social networks increase the likelihood of both formal and informal volunteering, but social trust and human capital increase only the likelihood of formal volunteering and not of informal care. The findings also reveal interesting cultural influences and regional differences in the propensity to engage in formal and informal volunteering, especially between French-speaking Canadians and English-speaking Canadians, and those living in Quebec and outside of Quebec. Native-born Canadians are more likely to volunteer than their immigrant counterparts, but they are similar to immigrants in the propensity to provide informal care. Additionally, women are found to be more likely to engage in formal volunteering and informal care than men. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

Résumé

Cette étude se penche, à la lumière des données de l’Enquête sociale générale du Canada de 2008, sur les facteurs associés à l’inclinaison des individus à réaliser des activités bénévoles formelles et informelles. Les résultats démontrent que les réseaux sociaux augmentent la probabilité de ces deux types de bénévolats, mais que la confiance sociale et le capital humain ne rehaussent que les activités bénévoles volontaires probables et non la prestation informelle de soins. Les résultats révèlent aussi des influences culturelles et différences régionales intéressantes dans l’inclinaison des individus à réaliser des activités bénévoles formelles et informelles, surtout entre les Canadiens francophones et anglophones et ceux vivant au Québec et en dehors. Les Canadiens d’origine sont plus enclins au bénévolat que leurs homologues immigrants, mais les deux groupes ont la même inclinaison envers la prestation de soins informels. Les femmes sont en outre plus enclines à participer à des activités bénévoles formelles et informelles que les hommes. Les implications théoriques et pratiques des résultats sont ici traitées.

Zusammenfassung

Diese Studie untersucht anhand von Daten aus der 2008 in Kanada durchgeführten allgemeinen Bevölkerungsumfrage (General Social Survey) die Faktoren im Zusammenhang mit der Neigung von Personen zur Ausübung einer formellen und informellen ehrenamtlichen Tätigkeit. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass soziale Netzwerke die Wahrscheinlichkeit für die Ausübung sowohl einer formellen als auch einer informellen ehrenamtlichen Tätigkeit erhöhen, während soziales Vertrauen und Humankapital lediglich die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer formellen ehrenamtlichen Tätigkeit, nicht aber einer informellen Fürsorge erhöhen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen zudem interessante kulturelle Einflüsse und regionale Unterschiede in Verbindung mit der Neigung zur Ausübung einer formellen und informellen ehrenamtlichen Tätigkeit, insbesondere zwischen französisch und englisch sprechenden Kanadiern und zwischen den Bewohner von Quebec und den Menschen außerhalb Quebecs. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit für die Ausübung einer ehrenamtlichen Tätigkeit ist unter gebürtigen Kanadiern größer als bei Einwanderern; doch die Neigung zur Bereitstellung einer informellen Fürsorge ist ähnlich. Weiterhin zeigt sich, dass Frauen eher zu einer formellen ehrenamtlichen Tätigkeit und informellen Fürsorge neigen als Männer. Es werden theoretische und praktische Implikationen der Ergebnisse diskutiert.

Resumen

Utilizando datos de la Encuesta Social General 2008 de Canadá, el presente estudio examina los factores asociados a la propensión de los individuos a participar en actividades formales e informales de voluntariado. Los resultados muestran que las redes sociales aumentan la probabilidad del voluntariado tanto formal como informal, pero la confianza social y el capital humano aumentan solamente la probabilidad del voluntariado formal y no de los cuidados informales. Los hallazgos revelan también influencias culturales y diferencias regionales interesantes en la propensión a participar en actividades de voluntariado formales e informales, especialmente entre canadienses de habla francesa y canadienses de habla inglesa, y aquellos que viven en Quebec y fuera de Quebec. Hay más probabilidades de que los nativos canadienses realicen voluntariado que sus contrapartes inmigrantes, pero son similares a los inmigrantes con respecto a la propensión a proporcionar cuidados informales. Asimismo, se encontró que hay más probabilidades de que las mujeres participen en actividades de voluntariado formales y cuidados informales que los hombres. Se tratan también las implicaciones teóricas y prácticas de los hallazgos.

摘要

使用来自 2008 年加拿大综合社会调查的数据,本研究调查与个人参与正式和非正式志愿活动的倾向有关的因素。结果显示社会网络增加了正式和非正式志愿活动的可能性,但社会信任和人力资本仅增加了正式志愿活动的可能性,而没有增加非正式照顾的可能性。这一发现也揭示了参与正式和非正式志愿活动的倾向中有趣的文化影响和地区差异,尤其是在说法语的加拿大人和说英语的加拿大人之间,以及生活在魁北克和魁北克以外地区的人之间。土生土长的加拿大人比移民更愿意参加志愿活动,但对于提供非正式照顾,他们和移民的倾向类似。此外,发现女性比男性更可能参与正式志愿活动和非正式照顾。对这一发现的理论和实际含义进行了讨论。

ملخص

بإستخدام بيانات من إستطلاع رأي إجتماعي 2008 في كندا، تبحث هذه الدراسة العوامل المرتبطة بميل الأفراد إلى الإنخراط في العمل التطوعي الرسمي والغير رسمي. أظهرت النتائج أن الشبكات الإجتماعية تزيد من إحتمال كل من التطوع الرسمي والغير رسمي، لكن الثقة الإجتماعية و الثروة البشرية تزيد فقط من إحتمال التطوع الرسمي وليس الرعاية الغير رسمية. تكشف النتائج أيضا” التأثيرات الثقافية مثيرة للإهتمام والإختلافات الإقليمية في الميل إلى الإنخراط في العمل التطوعي الرسمي والغير رسمي، وخاصة بين الكنديين الناطقين بالفرنسية و الكنديين الناطقين بالإنجليزية، أولئك الذين يعيشون في كيبيك وخارج كيبيك. الكنديين المولودين في كندا أكثر عرضة للتطوع من نظرائهم المهاجرين، لكنها متشابهة للمهاجرين في الميل إلى توفير الرعاية الغير رسمية. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، وجد أن المرأة تكون عرضة للإنخراط في العمل التطوعي الرسمي والرعاية الغير رسمية أكثر من الرجال.تم مناقشة الآثار النظرية والعملية للنتائج.

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Notes

  1. We started the research with just two types of volunteering: informal volunteering and formal volunteering. Our original measure of informal volunteering derived from the responses to two questions: one on informal care and the other on informal housework. When the two forms of informal volunteering were combined, gender was not a significant predictor of informal volunteering. However, when we further explored the two dimensions of informal volunteering, particularly gender dynamics, we found that females were significantly more likely to engage in informal care but were less likely to engage in informal housework. We think this is an important finding that would add to our current knowledge of gender dynamics in informal volunteering which has not been addressed very much in the literature. Therefore, we focus on two separate forms of informal volunteering in this study.

  2. A comparison of the reduced sample included in the analysis (n = 14,882) and the excluded cases (n = 5519) shows that the reduced sample has equal share of married persons, homeowners, and urban residents with the excluded cases but are slightly more educated, younger, more likely to be native (82 vs. 70 %) and employed (77 vs. 61 %), less likely to be retired (14 vs. 28 %) and female (49 vs. 57 %), and have slightly higher number of children on average (0.50 vs. 0.43) and higher income than the excluded cases. The original samples are weighed to be nationally representative. We have adjusted the weight for the reduced sample in the analysis.

  3. The survey questions ignore the possibility of having relatives in the immediate vicinity. Thus, some informal volunteering may be carried out by relatives who are not in the immediate vicinity.

  4. The multivariate probit model shows that the association between formal volunteering and informal care is 0.133 (p < 0.001), the association between formal volunteering and informal yardwork is 0.094 (p < 0.001), and the association between informal care and informal yardwork is 0.357 (p < 0.001). The results suggest that formal volunteering has low but statistically significant associations with two types of informal volunteering: informal care and informal yardwork, respectively. The low associations may explain the similar coefficients we got from the multivariate probit models and the probit model. Future studies can explore whether and how moderate and high associations between formal and informal volunteering may influence the coefficients using different methods.

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Wang, L., Mook, L. & Handy, F. An Empirical Examination of Formal and Informal Volunteering in Canada. Voluntas 28, 139–161 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-016-9725-0

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