Skip to main content
Log in

Social Enterprise and Development: The KickStart Model

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Referred to as change agents, innovators, practical dreamers, and pioneers of our era, the literature on social entrepreneurs exhibits high hopes for the future of social enterprise in international development. Yet, the field has come to a crossroads in its history as many remain unsure of just how social enterprise differs from NGOs on the one hand, and standard commercial enterprises on the other. This article examines the relatively new roots of social entrepreneurship in the context of global development paradigms, looking at the pros and cons of a field which remains controversial from the perspective of both the private and the public sector. Using the model of the prominent social enterprise KickStart International, we illustrate how KickStart’s social enterprise model corresponds with current trends in the world of development internationally, with its particular focus on sub-Saharan Africa. Finally, we examine how recent evaluation research has shed light on KickStart and the contributions of social enterprise, as well as how evaluation research can inform social enterprise’s contributions to international development.

Résumé

Les désignant comme des agents du changement, des innovateurs, des rêveurs pragmatiques ainsi que des pionniers de notre ère, les publications sur les entrepreneurs sociaux expriment les plus grands espoirs quant au futur d’une entreprise sociale au sein d’un développement international. Toutefois, ce domaine s’est heurté à un dilemme dans son développement car beaucoup demeurent incertains quant à la question de savoir en quoi l’entreprise sociale diffère des ONG d’une part, et des entreprises commerciales traditionnelles d’autre part. Cet article s’intéresse aux racines relativement nouvelles de l’entrepreneuriat social dans le contexte des paradigmes du développement mondial, en analysant le pour et le contre d’un secteur qui demeure controversé du point de vue tant du secteur privé que du secteur public. En recourant à l’exemple de l’entreprise sociale très connue KickStart International, nous illustrons comment le modèle d’entreprise sociale de cette organisation est conforme aux tendances actuelles dans le monde du développement à l’échelle internationale, lequel se concentre particulièrement sur l’Afrique subsaharienne. Nous examinons enfin comment la récente recherche d’évaluation a apporté un éclairage sur KickStart et les contributions de l’entreprise sociale, ainsi que la manière dont la recherche d’évaluation peut informer les contributions de l’entreprise sociale en faveur du développement international.

Zusammenfassung

Die Literatur zu sozialen Unternehmern spricht von Vermittlern des Wandels, Innovatoren, praktischen Träumern und Pionieren unserer Zeit und hegt große Hoffnungen für die Zukunft von Sozialunternehmen in der internationalen Entwicklung. Doch ist der Bereich an einem Scheideweg in seiner Geschichte angelangt; denn es bleibt die Unsicherheit darüber, wie sehr sich Sozialunternehmen von nicht-staatlichen Organisationen einerseits und den regulären Wirtschaftsunternehmen andererseits überhaupt unterscheiden. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die relativ neuen Wurzeln des sozialen Unternehmertums vor dem Hintergrund globaler Entwicklungsparadigmen und betrachtet die Vor- und Nachteile eines Bereichs, der sowohl aus der Perspektive des privaten als auch des öffentlichen Sektors kontrovers bleibt. Wir verwenden das Modell des renommierten Sozialunternehmens KickStart International und zeigen, wie sein Modell zum sozialen Unternehmertum den gegenwärtigen internationalen Entwicklungstrends entspricht, mit besonderem Fokus auf Subsahara-Afrika. Abschließend untersuchen wir, wie neueste Bewertungsforschungen Aufschluss über KickStart und die Beiträge sozialer Unternehmen geben und wie die Bewertungsforschung die Beiträge sozialer Unternehmen an der internationalen Entwicklung ausweisen können.

Resumen

Denominados agentes del cambio, innovadores, soñadores prácticos y pioneros de nuestra era, el material publicado sobre los emprendedores sociales muestra grandes esperanzas en el futuro de la empresa social en el desarrollo internacional. Sin embargo, el campo ha llegado a una encrucijada en su historia, ya que muchos siguen sin estar seguros de cómo difiere la empresa social de las ONG por un lado, y la empresa comercial estándar por otro. El presente artículo examina las raíces relativamentre nuevas del espíritu emprendedor social en el contexto de los paradigmas de desarrollo mundial, examinando los pros y los contras de un campo que sigue siendo controvertido desde la perspectiva tanto del sector privado como del sector público. Utilizando el modelo de la prominente empresa social KickStart International, ilustramos cómo el modelo de empresa social de KickStart corresponde a las tendencias actuales en el mundo del desarrollo internacionalmente, con su foco de atención específico en el África subsahariana. Finalmente, examinamos cómo la investigación de evaluación reciente ha arrojado luz sobre KickStart y las contribuciones de la empresa social, así como también cómo la investigación de evaluación puede informar de las contribuciones de la empresa social al desarrollo internacional.

摘要

作为我们时代的变革代理、创新者、实际梦想者和首创者,有关社会企业家的文献展示了国际发展中的极高社会企业未来希望。然而,该领域正处于十字路口,因为许多人都还不确定社会企业如何与一方面的NGO和另一方面的标准商业企业有何区别。本文检查了社会企业全球发展范例背景下的相对来说新的根源,着眼于私有和公共领域对该领域的赞成和反对仍然存在争议。使用著名社会企业KickStart International的模式,我们展示了KickStart的设计企业模式如何对应于全球发展的当前趋势,尤其专注于撒哈拉以南非洲。最后,我们检查了最近的评估研究如何解释KickStart和社会企业的贡献,以及评估研究如何确认社会企业对国际发展的贡献。.

ملخص

إيماءا˝ إلى تغيير الوكلاء ٬المبدعين ٬الحالمين العمليين، والرواد في عصرنا، يظهرالأدب أن لدى أصحاب المشاريع الإجتماعية آمالا˝ كبيرة بالنسبة لمستقبل منظمات المشاريع الاجتماعية في مجال التنمية الدولية. حتى الآن، لقد وصل المجال إلى مفترق طرق في تاريخها العديد حيث بقى كثيرين غير متأكدين عن مدى إختلاف المؤسسة الإجتماعية عن المنظمات الغير حكومية (NGOs) من جهة، والمؤسسات التجارية القياسية من ناحية أخرى. يفحص هذا المقال الجذور الجديدة نسبيا˝ للمشاريع الإجتماعية في سياق نماذج التنمية العالمية، يبحث في إيجابيات وسلبيات المجال التي لا تزال مثيرة للجدل من وجهة نظر كل من القطاع الخاص والقطاع العام. بإستخدام نموذج من المشاريع الإجتماعية البارزة التي تبدأ سريعا˝ دوليا˝، نحن نوضح كيف يتوافق البدء السريع لنموذج المؤسسة الاجتماعية مع الإتجاهات الحالية في العالم من التطور على الصعيد الدولي، مع التركيز بوجه خاص على أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى. أخيرا˝، نفحص كيف ألقت بحوث التقييم الأخيرة الضوء على البدء السريع ومساهمات المؤسسة الاجتماعية، فضلا˝ عن كيفية أن تقييم البحوث يمكن أن يبلغ مساهمات المشاريع الإجتماعية إلى التنمية الدولية.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bagnoli, L., & Megali, C. (2009). Measuring performance in social enterprises. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 40(1), 149–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bornstein, D., & Davis, S. (2010). Social entrepreneurship: What everyone needs to know. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brundtland, G. H. (1987). Our common future: The World Commission on environment and development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cairncross, S., & Valdmanis, V. (2006). Water supply, sanitation, and hygiene promotion. In D. T. Jamison, J. G. Breman, A. R. Measham, et al. (Eds.), Disease control priorities in developing countries (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Center for Disease Control (CDC). (2005). Introduction to program evaluation for public health programs: A self-study guide. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan-Lizardo. (Ed.). (2011, July 19). KickStart Chief Operating Officer [Interview].

  • Fisher, M. (2006). Income as development: KickStart’s pumps help Kenyan farmers transition to a cash economy. Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization, 1, 9–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, M. (2011, July 16). KickStart CEO and co-founder [Interview].

  • Grenier, P. (2008). Social entrepreneurship: Agency in a globalizing world. In A. Nicholls (Ed.), Social entrepreneurship: New models of sustainable social change. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habicht, J. P., Victora, C. G., & Vaughan, J. P. (1999). Evaluation designs for adequacy, plausibility and probability of public health programme performance and impact. International Journal of Epidemiology, 28, 10–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). (2010). Monitoring and assessing the impacts of KickStart’s low cost farm equipment on poverty reduction in Africa. Unpublished report of IFPRI, Nairobi, Kenya (15 June).

  • Kaaya, E. (2011, August 6). Tanzanian farmer and study participant [Interview].

  • Kerlin, J. A. (2010). A comparative analysis of the global emergence of social enterprise. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 21, 162–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • KickStart International. (2010). MoneyMaker irrigation pumps: Helping small scale farmers out of poverty. Unpublished report of KickStart impacts, Nairobi, Kenya (10 June 2013).

  • KickStart International. (2013). Accessed June 10, 2013, from www.KickStart.org.

  • Light, P. (2009). Social entrepreneurship and the future of nonprofits. [Videorecording]. Recorded at George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis. Speaker, Paul Charles Light.

  • Mair, J. (2006). Social entrepreneurship. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Moon, N. (2011, July 29). KickStart Director and co-founder [Interview].

  • Mose, C. (2011, July 7). KickStart impact evaluation and monitoring officer [Interview].

  • Nicholls, A. (2008). Social entrepreneurship: New models of sustainable social change. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel, R. (2008). Stuffed and starved. New York: Melville House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakwa, B. (2011, August 16). KickStart Director of impact evaluation and monitoring [Interview].

  • Seelos, C., Ganly, K., & Mair, J. (2006). Social entrepreneurs directly contribute to global development goals. In J. Mair, J. Robinson, & K. Hockerts (Eds.), Social entrepreneurship. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Social Enterprise Alliance (SEA). (2013). What is social enterprise? Accessed June 10, 2013, form https://www.se-alliance.org/what-is-social-enterprise.

  • Tilouine, J. (2011). La révolution mobile en Afrique (Mobile Revolution in Africa). Radio France International (RFI). Accessed August 15, 2011, from http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20110815-revolution-mobile-afrique?ns_campaign=editorial&ns_mchannel=reseaux_sociaux&ns_source=FB&ns_linkname=20110815_revolution_mobile_afrique&ns_fee=0.

  • United Nations World Food Programme. (2011). Food for assets, UNWFP our work. Accessed June 10, 2013, form http://www.wfp.org/food-assets.

  • Wambui, A. (2011, July 9). Kenyan farmer and study participant [Interview].

  • Yunus, M. (2008). Social business entrepreneurs are the solution. In A. Nicholls (Ed.), Social entrepreneurship: New models of sustainable social change. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael D. Galvin.

Additional information

This paper was prepared with funding support from the Skandalaris Center for Entrepreneurial Studies at Washington University in St. Louis. Michael Galvin conducted the study and developed the paper under the supervision of Dr. Lora Iannotti who is participating in the impact evaluation of KickStart International in Kenya and Tanzania.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Galvin, M.D., Iannotti, L. Social Enterprise and Development: The KickStart Model. Voluntas 26, 421–441 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-013-9424-z

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-013-9424-z

Keywords

Navigation