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Gender Differences in Formal and Informal Volunteering in Germany

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Abstract

In this study, we examine the gender differences in formal and informal volunteering using data from a Time Use Survey in Germany. Our study finds strong evidence that women are more likely to volunteer formally if they also volunteer informally, suggesting that the decisions are complementary. However, for men the decisions to volunteer formally and informally are not significantly related. Moreover, we find that gender differences in labour force participation cannot explain our results.

Résumé

Dans cette étude nous examinons les différences entre les sexes dans le bénévolat formel et informel sur la base de données issues d’une enquête sur l’utilisation du temps en Allemagne. Notre étude démontre clairement que les femmes sont plus susceptibles de faire du bénévolat de façon formelle lorsqu’elles font aussi du bénévolat informel et suggère que ces deux décisions sont complémentaires. Pour les hommes cependant, les décisions de faire du bénévolat de façon formelle et informelle ne sont pas liées de façon significative. De plus, nous démontrons que les différences entre sexes dans la participation au marché du travail ne sauraient expliquer nos résultats.

Zusammenfassung

In dieser Studie untersuchen wir die Geschlechtsunterschiede bei formalen und informalen ehrenamtlichen Tätigkeiten unter Verwendung der Daten aus einer Zeitbudgeterhebung in Deutschland. Unsere Studie zeigt starke Hinweise darauf, dass Frauen eher dazu neigen, formale ehrenamtliche Tätigkeiten aufzunehmen, wenn sie zugleich informal ehrenamtlich tätig sind. Dies weist darauf hin, dass sich die Entscheidungen gegenseitig ergänzen. Bei Männern hingegen gibt es keine wesentliche Verbindung zwischen den Entscheidungen zur Aufnahme formaler und informaler ehrenamtlicher Tätigkeiten. Ferner kommen wir zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Geschlechtsunterschiede in der Erwerbsbeteiligung keine Erklärung für unsere Ergebnisse sind.

Resumen

En el presente estudio examinamos las diferencias de género en el voluntariado formal e informal utilizando datos de una encuesta sobre la utilización del tiempo en Alemania. Nuestro estudio encuentra importantes evidencias de que existe una mayor probabilidad de que las mujeres sean voluntarias formalmente si también son voluntarias informalmente, sugiriendo que las decisiones son complementarias. Sin embargo, para los hombres las decisiones de ser voluntarios formal e informalmente no están relacionadas de forma significativa. Asimismo, encontramos que las diferencias de género en la participación de la mano de obra no pueden explicar nuestros resultados.

ملخص

في هذه الدراسة ندرس الفروق بين الجنسين في العمل التطوعي الرسمي و الغير الرسمي بإستخدام بيانات من إستطلاع رأي لإستخدام الوقت في ألمانيا. دراستنا وجدت أدلة قوية على أن النساء هن أكثر عرضة للتطوع رسميا˝ إذا كانوا تطوعوا أيضا˝ بشكل غير رسمي، مما يدل على أن القرارات مكملة. مع ذلك، بالنسبة للرجال قرارات التطوع الرسمي و الغير رسمي غير مرتبطة إلى حد كبير. علاوة على ذلك، نجد أن الفروق بين الجنسين في المشاركة في القوة العاملة لا يمكن أن يفسر نتائجنا.

摘要

在本次研究中,我们使用来自德国的时间使用调查数据检查了参加正式和非正式志愿服务的性别差异。研究发现存在有力证据表明,如果还参加非正式志愿服务,女人还更加可能参加正式职员服务,表明决定是互补的。然而,对于男人来说,参加正式和非正式志愿服务不太相关。此外,我们发现劳动力参与的性别差别无法解释这一结果。

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Notes

  1. See, for example, Abraham et al. (2009), which shows that higher nonresponse rates inflate estimates of volunteering behaviour, though do not alter inferences about volunteering covariates.

  2. For more information on bivariate probit models, see Greene (2003), pp. 849–857.

  3. See www.destatis.de and Statistisches Bundesamt (2002).

  4. The diary was generally completed on 2 weekdays and 1 weekend day per person, which leads to a slight bias in favour of weekend days. Since this is true for both women and men and our aim is to explain gender differences, we do not consider it further in our analysis.

  5. Some people report volunteering for more than one type of organisation, so the sum of the rows does not accurately reflect the general participation rate in volunteering.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank participants at the 2008 Economic Science Association world meeting in Pasadena, CA, USA as well as three anonymous referees and the editor for their insightful comments. McKenzie wishes to thank the University of Cologne for funding and René Fahr and Aurel Grau for advice and assistance with the time-use data. Helms wishes to thank the University of Alabama at Birmingham ADVANCE Grant, funded by the National Science Foundation (SBE-0245090).

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Helms, S., McKenzie, T. Gender Differences in Formal and Informal Volunteering in Germany. Voluntas 25, 887–904 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-013-9378-1

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