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Accountability as a Managerial Tool in Non-Profit Organizations: Evidence from Italian CSVs

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Abstract

The long-term performance of NPOs is based on their ability to link and maximize social value as defined in their mission. This involves legitimacy obtained from stakeholders influenced by and influencing NPO activities, and their operational capacity or economic efficiency. Thus, NPOs have to utilize multiple level accountability systems which should be compatible with their multiple objectives and stakeholders’ claims. The accountability system of an NPO should focus on its operational capacity, because in order to maximize its efficiency, an NPO has to measure its resource use, cost structure, and financial structure. Legitimacy obtained from stakeholders is also integral. If an organization is considered a social contract between multiple stakeholders, it has to consider the social economic effects of its activities and it has the duty to account for them. However, since the mission of an NPO is to create and distribute social value to a certain specific group, its social value creation has the most important role and an NPO should measure the social value it has created. This article analyzes the accountability system of a specific type of Italian NPO called Centri di Servizio per il Volontariato (CSVs)—namely centers which provide services for voluntary associations. The aim of the research is to verify if the accountability system adopted by CSVs satisfies their need for multiple level information (operational, legitimacy, and social value) and accomplishes their stakeholder claims, and to determine its impact on the definition and implementation of their strategy and on their long-term performance. The research was carried out using the action research model, and the findings are based on the analysis of a sample of 64 CSVs situated throughout Italy.

Résumé

La performance sur le long terme des organisations à but non lucratif dépend de leur aptitude à relier et à maximiser la valeur sociale définie par leur mission. Cela fait intervenir la légitimité acquise auprès des parties prenantes, qui sont influencées par et qui influencent les activités mais aussi la capacité opérationnelle ou l’efficience économique des organisations à but non lucratif. Ainsi, les organisations à but non lucratif doivent recourir à des systèmes de responsabilité à plusieurs niveaux, à la fois compatibles avec leurs divers objectifs et avec les revendications des parties prenantes. Pour maximiser son efficience, une organisation à but non lucratif doit évaluer l’utilisation de ses ressources, sa structure de coûts et sa structure financière; son système de responsabilité doit donc se concentrer sur sa capacité opérationnelle. La légitimité acquise auprès des parties prenantes est aussi primordiale. Si une organisation est considérée comme un contrat social entre plusieurs parties prenantes, elle doit prendre en considération les effets socio-économiques de ses activités et rendre des comptes à leur propos. Cependant, la mission d’une organisation à but non lucratif étant de créer et de distribuer de la valeur sociale à un groupe spécifique, la création de valeur sociale constitue l’élément le plus important; une organisation à but non lucratif doit donc mesurer la valeur sociale qu’elle a créé. Cet article analyse le système de responsabilité d’un type spécifique d’organisations à but non lucratif italiennes nommé Centri di Servizio per il Volontariato (CSVs). Il s’agit de centres proposant des services aux associations bénévoles. L’objectif de l’étude est d’une part de vérifier si le système de responsabilité adopté par les CSV comble leur besoin de niveaux multiples d’informations (opérationnelles, légitimité, valeur sociale) et réalise les revendications des parties prenantes, et d’autre part de déterminer l’impact de ce système sur la définition et la mise en œuvre de leur stratégie ainsi que sur leur performance à long terme. L’étude a été menée en utilisant le modèle recherche-action et les conclusions se basent sur l’analyse d’un échantillon de 64 CSV réparties dans toute l’Italie.

Zusammenfassung

Die langfristigen Leistungen von Nonprofit-Organisationen hängen von ihrer Fähigkeit ab, ihren laut Organisationszweck definierten Sozialwert zu verknüpfen und zu maximieren. Darin eingeschlossen sind die von den Interessensgruppen, welche von den Aktivitäten der Nonprofit-Organisationen betroffen sind und diese beeinflussen, übertragene Legitimität sowie die betriebliche bzw. wirtschaftliche Effizienz der Organisationen. Folglich müssen die Nonprofit-Organisationen mehrstufige Rechenschaftssysteme anwenden, die mit ihren diversen Zielen sowie mit den Ansprüchen der Interessensgruppen vereinbar sind. Das Rechenschaftssystem einer Nonprofit-Organisation sollte sich auf ihre betriebliche Kapazität konzentrieren; denn um ihre Effizienz maximieren zu können, muss eine Nonprofit-Organisation ihre Ressourcennutzung sowie ihre Kosten- und Finanzstruktur messen. Die von den Interessensgruppen übertragene Legitimität ist ebenso von grundlegender Bedeutung. Wenn eine Organisation als ein sozialer Vertrag zwischen mehreren Interessensgruppen betrachtet wird, so muss sie die sozialwirtschaftlichen Auswirkungen ihrer Aktivitäten berücksichtigen, und sie hat die Pflicht, für diese Rechenschaft abzulegen. Da die Aufgabe einer Nonprofit-Organisation allerdings darin besteht, einen sozialen Wert zu schaffen und diesen einer bestimmten Gruppe zur Verfügung zu stellen, ist die Schaffung des sozialen Wertes die wichtigste Funktion einer Nonprofit-Organisation, und sie sollte diesen messen. Dieser Beitrag untersucht das Rechenschaftssystem einer spezifischen Art italienischer Nonprofit-Organisationen namens Centri di Servizio per il Volontariato (CSV-Organisationen). Es handelt sich hierbei um Zentren, die Freiwilligenvereinigungen Dienstleistungen bereitstellen. Ziel der Studie ist es nachzuprüfen, ob das von den CSV-Organisationen angewandte Rechenschaftssystem ihren Bedarf nach Informationen auf mehreren Ebenen (Informationen über betriebliche Leistung, Legitimität und Sozialwert) deckt und die Ansprüche ihrer Interessensgruppen befriedigt. Weiterhin wird der Einfluss des Rechenschaftssystems auf die Definition und Implementierung ihrer Strategie und auf ihre langfristigen Leistungen untersucht. Die Studie wurde mit Hilfe des Aktionsforschungsmodells durchgeführt, und die Ergebnisse beruhen auf der Untersuchung einer Stichprobe von 64 CSV-Organisationen in Italien.

Resumen

Los resultados a largo plazo de las OSAL se basan en la capacidad para vincular y maximizar el valor social tal y como se define en su misión. Ello implica la legitimidad conseguida de las partes interesadas influidos por e influyentes en las actividades de las OSAL, así como su capacidad operativa o eficiencia económica. Así, las OSAL tienen que utilizar sistemas de contabilidad multinivel que deberían ser compatibles con sus múltiples objetivos y las reclamaciones de las partes interesadas. El sistema de responsabilidad de una OSAL debería centrarse en su capacidad operativa porque, para aprovechar al máximo la eficiencia, una OSAL debe medir el uso que hace de los recursos, la estructura de costes y la estructura financiera. La legitimidad obtenida de las partes interesadas también es esencial. Si una organización se considera un contrato social entre varias partes interesadas, debe tener en cuenta los efectos económicos sociales de sus actividades y tiene el deber de responder por ellos. No obstante, dado que la misión de una OSAL es crear y distribuir valor social a cierto grupo específico, su creación de valor social tiene la función más importante y una OSAL debería mediar el valor social que ha creado. En este trabajo se analiza el sistema de contabilidad de un tipo específico de OSAL italiana llamada Centri di Servizio per il Volontariato (CSV), es decir, centros que ofrecen servicios para asociaciones voluntarias. El objetivo de la investigación es verificar si el sistema de contabilidad adoptado por los CSV satisface la necesidad de información multinivel (operativa, legitimidad, valor social) y responde a las reclamaciones de sus partes interesadas para determinar su impacto en la definición y la aplicación de su estrategia y sus resultados a largo plazo. La investigación se realizó utilizando el modelo de investigación de acción y los hallazgos se basan en el análisis de una muestra de 64 CSV de toda Italia.

摘要

NPO(非营利组织)的长期业绩基于它们连接和最大化其使命中所定义社会价值的能力。这涉及了来自受 NPO 活动影响的和对 NPO 活动有所影响的利益相关者的合法性,以及他们的工作能力或经济效率。因此,NPO 必须利用与其多重目标和利益相关者要求一致的、多层次责任承担系统。 一个 NPO 的责任承担系统必须把重点放在其工作能力上,因为为了使其效率最大化,一个 NPO 必须衡量其资用使用、成本结构和财务结构。来自利益相关者的合法性也是构成整体所必需的。如果一个组织被认为是多个利益相关者之间的社会契约,则该组织必须考虑到其活动的社会经济效果,并且对此负有责任。然而,既然一个 NPO 的使命是为某一个特定群体创造和分配社会价值,则其社会价值创造的职能最为重要。一个 NPO 应该衡量它所创造的社会价值。 本论文分析了一种被称之为 Centri di Servizio per il Volontariato(CSV)的特定类型意大利 NPO,也就是那些为志愿社团提供服务的中心。该研究的目标在于证实由 CSV 所采用的责任承担系统能满足其多层次信息(运作、合法性、社会价值)的需求和完成其利益相关者的要求,并确定它对定义与履行其战略以及对其长期业绩的影响。该研究使用了列文 (Lewin, Resolving social conflicts: Selected papers on group dynamics, 1948) 年的活动研究模型进行,而研究结果基于对分布于意大利各地 64 个CSV 的采样。

ملخص

الأداء الطويل الأجل لأداء المنظمات التي لا تسعى للربح (NPO) يستند على القدرة على الربط وتعزيز القيمة الإجتماعية كما هو معرف في مهمتهم. هذا يشمل الشرعية التي تم الحصول عليها من أصحاب المصلحة التي تأثرت و تؤثر على أنشطة المنظمات التي لا تسعى للربح (NPO)، و قدرتهم التشغيلية أو الكفاءة الإقتصادية. هكذا، المنظمات التي لا تسعى للربح (NPO) يجب أن تستخدم العديد من نظم المسؤولية التي يجب أن تكون متوافقة مع أهدافهم المتعددة و مطالبات أصحاب الحقوق. نظام المسؤولية للمنطمات التي لا تسعى للربح يجب أن يركزعلى قدراتها التشغيلية لأنه لتحقيق أقصى قدر من الكفاءة يجب أن تقيس المنظمات التي لا تسعى للربح (NPO) إستخدامها للموارد، هيكل التكاليف و الهيكل المالي. الشرعية التي تم الحصول عليها من أصحاب المصلحة هي أيضاً متكاملة. لو منظمة نظرت إلى عقد إجتماعي بين أصحاب مصالح متعددين، يجب أن تأخذ في الإعتبار التأثيرات الإقتصادية الإجتماعية لأنشطتها و من واجبها أن تعتبرهم. مع ذلك، لأن مهمة المنظمات التي لا تسعى للربح (NPO) هو خلق و توزيع القيمة الإجتماعية لمجموعة معينة، خلق القيمة الإجتماعية له دور مهم و المنظمة التي لا تسعى للربح (NPO) يجب أن تقيس القيمة الإجتماعية التي خلقته .هذا البحث يحلل نظام المسؤولية لنوع محدد لمنظمة لا تسعى للربح (NPO) إيطالية تسمى ((Centri di Servizio per il Volontariato (CSVs)- و هي المراكز التي تقدم خدمات للجمعيات التطوعية. يهدف هذا البحث إلى التحقق من إذا كان نظام المسؤولية الذي تتبعه (CSVs) يفي بحاجتها إلى معلومات متعددة (التنفيذية، الشرعية، القيمة الإجتماعية) و يكملون مطالب أصحاب المصالح، وتحديد أثرها على تعريف وتنفيذ استراتيجيتهم وعن أدائهم (Lewin, Resolving social conflicts: Selected papers on group dynamics, 1948)طويل. البحث تم إجراؤه بإستخدام نموذج بحث العمل (ليوين، 1948) وعلى أساس نتائج تحليل عينة من (CSVs) 64 الواقعة في جميع أنحاء إيطاليا.

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Notes

  1. Principal-agent theory (Alchian and Demsetz 1972).

  2. The original texts of the law are in Italian, all the translations into English are by the authors of the paper (sometimes an adaptation was needed).

  3. ISSAN—Istituto Studi Sviluppo Aziende Nonprofit (Institute for the study and development of non-profit organizations) is a member-based associative university research and training centre supported by the University of Trento. The institute carries out multidisciplinary theoretical and applied research, provides training, disseminates acquired knowledge through the promotion of seminars and conferences, and is also involved in publishing. In 2008, ISSAN was incorporated into Euricse, the European Research Institute on Cooperative and Social Enterprises which aims at promoting knowledge development and innovation in the field of cooperatives, social enterprises, commons and non-profit organizations. For further details and information, see www.euricse.eu.

  4. The final report “Organizational and Accountability Models” is available on www.csvnet.it.

  5. The analysis system for CSR accountability in CSVs is limited by the fact that at the closure date for the empirical part of the research project the writing of guidelines for a Social Report of CSVs was underway. In June 2009, “Guidelines for the social reporting in voluntary organizations” were published.

  6. Speech by Professor Carlo Borzaga, The development of CSVs, “Let’s Talk About It” Conference, Rome 13/11/2007.

  7. Quadrant I contains the stakeholders with the highest influence on determining strategies and most involvement in activity management: quadrant III contains the least influential or involved. Quadrant II contains those most involved in operations but not able to influence strategic decisions while quadrant IV shows influential stakeholders but not involved.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank all those who attended the 2nd EMES International Conference on Social Enterprise (Trento, July 2009), CSV.net, and ISSAN for making the databases available for this study and for financial support.

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Costa, E., Ramus, T. & Andreaus, M. Accountability as a Managerial Tool in Non-Profit Organizations: Evidence from Italian CSVs. Voluntas 22, 470–493 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-011-9183-7

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