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Detection, distribution, and genetic diversity of Australian grapevine viroid in grapevines in India

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Abstract

Australian grapevine viroid (AGVd) is a viroid specific to grapevine with the least records in the world till date. Here, we report for the first time the presence of AGVd in grapevines in Indian sub-continent. The overall infection rate of AGVd in major grapevine producing areas in India was 9.3 %, which is conspicuously higher than the other regions of the world except for Tunisia and Iran. To understand the AGVd diversity in India, the genetic divergence was examined based on the disparity in the cultivars and the locations. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed the existence of five major AGVd variants in India besides other 44 minor variants implying the “quasi-species” nature. Further, sequence alignment of all the Indian AGVd variants along with Australian type species underscored the presence of eleven mutation points which are archetypal for Indian AGVd, irrespective of the region, and cultivar of grapevines. Plotting of Indian AGVd sequence variants against Australian type species unveiled that all these eleven mutations are distributed on upper and lower left terminal and pathogenicity regions of the molecule. Phylogenetic analysis divulged all the major Indian AGVd variants formed two distinct clusters, suggesting the two separate evolutionary lineages of AGVd in Indian viticulture.

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Acknowledgments

Authors would like to thank Prof. Jean-Pierre Perreault, Department of Biochemistry (PRAC), Université de Sherbrooke, Canada for fruitful discussions during manuscript preparation. This work was supported in part by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI Grant Nos. 24405026 and 24380026. Adkar-Purushothama C.R. received JSPS postdoctoral fellowship for foreign researchers.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Author notes

  1. Charith Raj Adkar-Purushothama

    Present address: Département de Biochimie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201 rue Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Plant Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan

    Charith Raj Adkar-Purushothama & Teruo Sano

  2. Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore, 570 006, India

    Poornachandra Rao Kanchepalli & Sreenivasa Marikunte Yanjarappa

  3. State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China

    Zhixiang Zhang

Authors
  1. Charith Raj Adkar-Purushothama
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  2. Poornachandra Rao Kanchepalli
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  3. Sreenivasa Marikunte Yanjarappa
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  4. Zhixiang Zhang
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  5. Teruo Sano
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Correspondence to Teruo Sano.

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Adkar-Purushothama, C.R., Kanchepalli, P.R., Yanjarappa, S.M. et al. Detection, distribution, and genetic diversity of Australian grapevine viroid in grapevines in India. Virus Genes 49, 304–311 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-014-1085-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-014-1085-5

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