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Genetic diversity and evidence for recent modular recombination in Hawaiian Citrus tristeza virus

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Abstract

The Hawaiian Islands are home to a widespread and diverse population of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), an economically important pathogen of citrus. In this study, we quantified the genetic diversity of two CTV genes and determined the complete genomic sequence for two strains of Hawaiian CTV. The nucleotide diversity was estimated to be 0.0565 ± 0.0022 for the coat protein (CP) gene (n = 137) and 0.0822 ± 0.0033 for the p23 gene (n = 30). The genome size and organization of CTV strains HA18-9 and HA16-5 were similar to other fully sequenced strains of CTV. The 3′-terminal halves of their genomes were nearly identical (98.5% nucleotide identity), whereas the 5′-terminal halves were more distantly related (72.3% nucleotide identity), suggesting a possible recombination event. Closer examination of strain HA16-5 indicated that it arose through recent recombination between the movement module of an HA18-9 genotype, and the replication module of an undescribed CTV genotype.

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Acknowledgments

The research was funded, in part, by grants from USDA-CSREES T-STAR program agreement #2003-34135-13982 and a specific cooperative grant agreement #58-5320-5-785, between the USDA-ARS Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center and the University of Hawaii at Manoa.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawai’i, Honolulu, HI, USA

    Michael J. Melzer, Wayne B. Borth, Diane M. Sether, Stephen Ferreira & John S. Hu

  2. USDA Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI, USA

    Dennis Gonsalves

Authors
  1. Michael J. Melzer
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  2. Wayne B. Borth
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  3. Diane M. Sether
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  4. Stephen Ferreira
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  5. Dennis Gonsalves
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  6. John S. Hu
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to John S. Hu.

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Fig S1

Neighbor-joining phylogram illustrating the genetic diversity of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) in Hawaii and around the world. Trees were generated using the amino acid translation of 123 sequences from Hawaii and 28 foreign sequences. Hawaiian sequences are color-coordinated by island and foreign sequences are labeled by CTV isolate/clone, country of origin, and GenBank accession number (in brackets). Identical sequences are listed horizontally at the terminus of each branch. KA, Kauai; OA, Oahu; MO, Molokai; MA, Maui; HA, the Big Island of Hawaii (PDF 88 kb)

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Melzer, M.J., Borth, W.B., Sether, D.M. et al. Genetic diversity and evidence for recent modular recombination in Hawaiian Citrus tristeza virus . Virus Genes 40, 111–118 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-009-0409-3

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