Abstract
Slipper oyster Crassostrea iredalei is a species of good demand for its sweet flavor and white coloured flesh. The filter feeding nature predisposes oysters to accumulation of pathogenic and heavy metals in waters impacted by sewage pollutions and may thus render the oysters unfit for human consumption. A study was undertaken to investigate the presence of bacteria flora and heavy metal concentrations in cultivated oysters Crassostrea iredalei at Setiu Wetland, Terengganu, the only source of cultivated oysters in East Coast of Malaysia. A total of 200 slipper oyster samples were analyzed. The bacteria were isolated using non selective agar such as TSA agar and selective agars before they were then identified using conventional methods in combination with BBL Crystal identification kit. Heavy metals such as zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results showed that the oysters harbor predominantly Shewanella putrifaciens followed by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio cholerae, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli and Chromobacterium violaceum. They also contain high concentration of Zn (785.68 ± 285.88 μg/g) with the lowest heavy metal was Pb (0.17 ± 0.15 μg/g), whilst the concentrations of other heavy metals were Cu (38.9 ± 13.2 μg/g) and Cd (1.60 ± 0.28 μg/g). The study is very useful to evaluate the type of bacteria and heavy metal present in oyster meat for human consumption.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- Zn:
-
zinc
- Cu:
-
Copper
- Cd:
-
cadmium
- Pb:
-
lead
References
Abbe, G.R. and Riedel, G.F. 2000. Factors that influence the accumulation of copper and cadmium by transplanted eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica in the Patuxent river, MarylandMarine Environmental Research 49 (4):377–396.
Devakie, M.N. and Ali, A.B. 2000. Effects of storage temperatures and duration on the setting and post-set spat survival of the tropical oyster Crassostrea iredalei (Faustino)Aquaculture 190(3-4): 369–376
Donn, R.W.1991.Microbiology of marine food product. (Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York)
Food Act and Regulations 1996-Laws of Malaysia. (MDC Publishers Printed Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur)
Food and Agriculture 1975. Manual method of aquatic environment research-Part 1, method for detection, measurement and monitoring of water pollution. FAO First Tech. Pg 137
Hickey, B.A. 1992. Perna canaliculus as a biomonitor of water quality: metal accumulation and health indicators, Auckland, University of Auckland
Kushel, G. and Timperley, M. 1999. The effect of stormwater and transport on urban streams and estuaries.Water and Atmosphere 7:22–25.
Gorman, M. 1993. Environmental hazards-marine pollution. (ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, California)
Holt, J.G., Krieg, N.R., Sneath, P.H.A., Stanley, J.T. and Williams, S.T. 1994. Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, (Williams and Wilkins, Maryland, USA)
Kasyanov, V.L. 2001. Marine bivalves and Echinoderm. (Science Publishers Incorporated, New York)
Klein, M.A. 1994. Indicators of assessment of the environmental impact of a landfill. Auckland, University of Auckland.
Lin, H.C. and Dunson, W.A. 1993. The effect of salinity on the acute toxicity of cadmium to the tropical, estuarine, hermaphroditic fish, Rivulus marmoratus: a comparison of Cd, Cu, and Zn tolerance with Fundulus heteroclitus Archives Environmental Contamination Toxicology 25: 41–47
Muhammad, S. 1992. Toxic metal chemistry in marine environments. (Marcel Dekker Inc. New York)
Rainbow, P.S.1988. The significance of trace metals concentration in decapods. Symposium of Zoological Society, London, 59, 291–299
Smiddy, M., Gorman, L.O., Sleator, R.D., Kerry, J.P., Patterson, M.F., Kelly, A.L. and Hill, C. 2004. Greater high pressure resistance of bacteria in oysters than in buffer. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 6 (1): 83–90.
Thompson, F.L., Iida, T. and Swings, J.2004. Biodiversity of Vibrios. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 68 (3): 403–431
Shazili, N.A.M. 1995. Effects of salinity and pre-exposure on acute cadmium toxicity to seabass, Lates calcarifer, Bulletin Environmental Contamination Toxicology 54 :22–28.
Whitman, A.K. 2004. Finfish and shellfish bacteriology manual: techniques and procedures. (Blackwell Publishing Company, Iowa State Press)
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the Malaysian Ministry of Science and Technology (MOSTE).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Najiah, M., Nadirah, M., Lee, K.L. et al. Bacteria flora and heavy metals in cultivated oysters Crassostrea iredalei of Setiu Wetland, East Coast Peninsular Malaysia. Vet Res Commun 32, 377–381 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-008-9045-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-008-9045-y