Abbreviations
- dd:
-
double-distilled
- DTT:
-
dithiothreitol
- IFA:
-
immunofluorescent antibody
- PCR:
-
polymerase chain reaction
- RFLP:
-
restriction fragment length polymorphism
- ZN:
-
Ziehl–Neelsen
References
Almeria, S., Ferrer, D., Pabon, M., Castella, J. and Manas, S., 2002. Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are a natural intermediate host of Neospora caninum. Veterinary Parasitology, 107, 287–294
Anon, 1998. Standard Operating Procedures for the Determination of Pathogens in Faecal Material. Public Health Laboratory Service, Colindale, London
Gjerde, B. and Bratberg, B., 1984. The domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) from northern Norway as intermediate host for three species of Sarcocystis. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 25, 187–194
Jakubek, E.B., Brojer, C., Regnersen, C., Uggla, A., Schares, G. and Bjorkman, C., 2001. Seroprevalences of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in Swedish red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Veterinary Parasitology, 102, 167–172
Kosek, M., Alcantara, C., Lima, A.A. and Guerrant, R.L., 2001. Cryptosporidiosis: an update. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 1, 262–269
Peng, M.M., Xiao, L., Freeman, A.R., Arrowood, M.J., Escalante, A.A., Weltman, A.C., Ong, C.S., MacKenzie, W.R., Lal, A.A. and Beard, C.B., 1997. Genetic polymorphism among Cryptosporidium parvum isolates: evidence of two distinct human transmission cycles. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 3, 567–573
Schares, G., Meyer, J., Barwald, A., Conraths, F.J., Riebe, R., Bohne, W., Rohn, K. and Peters, M.A., 2003. A Hammondia-like parasite from the European fox (Vulpes vulpes) forms biologically viable tissue cysts in cell culture. International Journal of Parasitology, 33, 229–234
Trotz-Williams, L.A., Martin, D.S., Gatei, W., Cama, V., Peregrine, A.S., Martin, S.W., Nydam, D.V., Jamieson, F. and Xiao, L., 2006. Genotype and subtype analysis of Cryptosporidium isolates from dairy calves and humans in Ontario. Parasitology Research, 99, 346–352
Wolfe, A., Hogan, S., Maguire, D., Fitzpatrick, C., Vaughan, L., Wall, D., Hayden, T.J. and Mulcahy, G., 2001. Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Ireland as hosts for parasites of potential zoonotic and veterinary significance. Veterinary Record, 149, 759–763
Xiao, L., Escalante, L., Yang, C., Sulaiman, I., Escalante, A.A., Montali, R.J., Fayer, R. and Lal, A.A., 1999. Phylogenetic analysis of Cryptosporidium parasites based on the Small-subunit rRNA gene locus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65, 1578–1583
Xiao, L. Fayer, R., Ryan, U. and Upton, S.J., 2004. Cryptosporidium taxonomy: recent advances and implications for public health. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 17, 72–97
Zu, S.X., Li, J.F., Barrett, L.J., Fayer, R., Shu, S.Y., McAuliffe, J.F., Roche, J.K. and Guerrant, R.L., 1994. Seroepidemiologic study of Cryptosporidium infection in children from rural communities of Anhui, China and Fortaleza, Brazil. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 51, 1–10
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nagano, Y., Finn, M.B., Lowery, C.J. et al. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium parvum and Bacterial Pathogens in Faecal Material in the Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) Population. Vet Res Commun 31, 559–564 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-007-3519-1
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-007-3519-1