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The association between skipping breakfast and chronic kidney disease

  • Nephrology - Original Paper
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Abstract

Background/objectives

There are few reports on the relationship between skipping breakfast and chronic kidney disease (CKD). We examined the skipping breakfast-CKD relationship and the mediation effects of metabolic diseases (obesity, hypertension, and diabetes) on this relationship.

Subjects/methods

We analyzed the data of 21,138 participants aged ≥ 40 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2018. Skipping breakfast was defined as rarely eating breakfast over the past year. CKD was defined as decreased kidney function expressed by an estimated glomerular filtration rate of < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. We used a complex sample logistic regression model to examine the relationship between skipping breakfast and CKD. We used Baron and Kenny’s approach to examine whether metabolic diseases work as a mediator within the skipping breakfast-CKD relationships.

Results

About 7.6% of participants skipped breakfast, and 5.5% had CKD. After adjusting for confounders, participants who skipped breakfast were at higher odds of having CKD (odds ratio 1.61; 95% confidence interval 1.07–2.42; p value 0.021) compared to those who did not skip breakfast. With full adjustments for confounders, skipping breakfast was not significantly associated with any metabolic diseases, while CKD was significantly associated with diabetes and hypertension.

Conclusion

We found that middle-aged or older people who skipped breakfast had a significantly higher odds of having CKD compared to those who did not skip breakfast. However, metabolic diseases did not mediate the relationship between skipping breakfast and CKD.

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Data availability

The KNHANES data is publicly available (https://knhanes.kdca.go.kr/knhanes/sub03/sub03_02_05.do). No permission is required to access the data.

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Funding

No funding was received for this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Urban Public Health, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea

    Chulmin Gahm & Sangshin Park

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  1. Chulmin Gahm
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  2. Sangshin Park
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Contributions

CG and SP participated in the planning and design of the study. CG analyzed data and participated in writing the primary manuscript. SP had primary responsibility for the final content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Sangshin Park.

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Gahm, C., Park, S. The association between skipping breakfast and chronic kidney disease. Int Urol Nephrol 55, 3209–3215 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-023-03590-5

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