Abstract
Time of peak bat activity during the night differs among bat species due to temperature, prey availability, habitat availability, and/or interactions between species. Habitat availability is altered in urban areas, which may affect insect prey availability and interspecies interactions. Our objectives were to use mobile acoustic monitoring to determine when bat species were active in a single night in urban and nonurban sites and if nightly bat activity patterns differed in urban versus nonurban sites. Bat echolocation call sequences were recorded using Anabat acoustic detectors while driving transects through the night at five sites (three “urban” and two “nonurban”) located in the Piedmont region of north-central North Carolina from May through August 2016. Transects were driven three times per night starting 45 min, 180 min, and 300 min after sunset. Recorded echolocation call sequences were analyzed manually using AnalookW and automatically using Bat Call Identification and Echoclass software. Total bat activity was not different between urban and nonurban sites. However, total bat activity was lower later in the night in urban sites, but stayed the same in nonurban sites. Species specifically, there were more Eptesicus fuscus, Lasionycteris noctivagans, and Tadarida brasiliensis call sequences and fewer Lasiurus borealis, Nycticeius humeralis, and Perimyotis subflavus call sequences in urban sites than nonurban sites. There were also fewer E. fuscus, L. noctivagans, and N. humeralis call sequences later in the night in both urban and nonurban sites. Only Lasiurus borealis activity in urban sites later in the night reduced and L. borealis activity in nonurban sites remained at the same. These results suggest that bats in urban areas partition time differently, which is important to consider for urban conservation efforts and planning.
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Acknowledgements
Funding was provided by the University of North Carolina at Greensboro Department of Biology, the North Carolina Academy of Science. Equipment was provided by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Competitive State Wildlife Grant Program [grant number SC-U2-F14AP00958]. Feedback during project development, data analysis, and the writing process was provided by S. Faeth, G. Wasserberg, A. Larsen, R. Petric, K. Parker, and A. Matteson. Assistance with data collection was provided by A. Wagoner, A. Campos, C. Wicker, K. Corson, R. Gameros, C. Melendez, S. Singleton, B. Wysong, S. Schimpp, and T. Schimpp, which was greatly appreciated.
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ESM 1
Locations of driving transects for mobile acoustic monitoring in Burlington (BL), North Greensboro (NG), Pine Hall (PH), Siler City (SC), and West Greensboro (WG) in the Piedmont area of North Carolina. Urban intensity of the study sites is shown with developed land categories from National Land Cover Database 2011. Color coded land cover types can be found in Homer et al. (2015). (PDF 32447 kb)
ESM 2
Detailed transects (6 transects as a set) at each sampling site, Burlington (BL), North Greensboro (NG), Pine Hall (PH), Siler City (SC), and West Greensboro (WG) in the Piedmont area of North Carolina. Urban intensity of the study sites is shown with developed land categories from National Land Cover Database 2011. Color coded land cover types can be found in Homer et al. (2015). (PDF 7703 kb)
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Schimpp, S.A., Li, H. & Kalcounis-Rueppell, M.C. Determining species specific nightly bat activity in sites with varying urban intensity. Urban Ecosyst 21, 541–550 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-018-0737-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-018-0737-y