Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Enhancement values of cassava by-product diets on production and haemato-biochemical indices of sheep and goats: a review

  • Reviews
  • Published:
Tropical Animal Health and Production Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The competition for maize and soybean between humans and livestock for food has led to an increase in the cost of livestock feeds. Therefore, this has necessitated the search for alternative non-competitive feedstuffs in order to partially replace maize and soybean in small ruminant diets. The use of cassava products as a partial replacement for maize and soybean in small ruminant diet has been investigated. Cassava is a tropical crop, and its fodder is rich in crude protein (CP), minerals and vitamins with about 85% of the CP fraction exist as true protein. Cassava by-products are also high in nutrients and could contribute significantly to the nutritional needs of sheep and goats. Specifically, cassava leaves are high in CP (25.10%) with an amino acid composition similar to soybean. Evidence also exist that ruminal degradability of cassava fodder is similar to that of maize and soybean with comparable outflow rates (75%). However, the use of cassava fodder in livestock production is limited by the presence of cyanogenic glucosides (linamarin and lotaustralin) that releases hydrogen cyanide (HCN) known to cause pathophysiological changes in the liver of sheep and goats. Importantly, several processing techniques are well known to reduce or eliminate the concentrates of cyanogenic glucosides in cassava with great success. Blood chemistry and production indices of sheep and goats fed differently processed cassava by-product-based diets have been evaluated by different authors. This review revealed that cassava root sievate meal, cassava root meal and cassava peel meal are low in CP (2.29, 3.40 and 7.05%, respectively), while cassava leaf meal is high in CP (32.43%). Feed conversion efficiency of sheep and good fed cassava leaves were 9.49 and 11.24, respectively, indicating that goats utilize cassava leaves better than sheep. It is concluded that cassava by-products are low in quality protein and should be supplemented with other rich protein sources before their use in ruminant diets.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

Availability of data and material

Not applicable.

Code availability

Not applicable.

References

  • Abera, A., Negasi, M., Mengistu, U. 2016. Effects of inclusion rate of cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) leaf and root mixture on feed intake and growth rate of grower chicks. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 6, 53 - 59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adebowale, E.A. 1981. The maize replacement value of fermented cassava peels (Manihot utilissma pohl) in rations for sheep. Tropical Animal Production, 6, 54 - 59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adewusi, S.R.A., Bradbury, J. H. 1993. Carotenoid in cassava; comparison of open column and HPLC methods of analysis. Journal of Science, Food and Agriculture, 62, 375 - 383.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahamefule, F.O. 2005. Evaluation of Pigeon Pea cassava peel based diet for goat production in SouthEastern Nigeria. Ph.D Thesis Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria.

  • Aiello, S.E., Mays, A. 1998. The Merck Veterinary Manual. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ajayi, F.T., Omotoso, S.O. 2018. Potential of Albizia lebbeck-cassava peel silage as dry season feed for West African dwarf sheep. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science, 41, 1151 - 1167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akinfola, E.O., Matanmi, O., Fatufe, A.A. 2007. Effect of residual cyanogenic glycosides in cassava based diets on serum metabolites of cockerel chicks. Proceedings of the Annual Conference for the Nigerian Society of Animal Production, pp 105 - 107.

  • Akiwande, B., Kanu, S., Sesay, A.R. 2017. Response of pregnant and lactating West African dwarf goats to dietary replacement of maize with sun-dried cassava peels. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 3, 53 - 59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anaeto, M., Sawyerr A.F., Alli, T.R., Tayo, G.O., Adeyeye, J.A., Olarinmoye, A.O. 2013. cassava leaf silage and cassava peel as dry season feed for West African Dwarf Sheep. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, 13, 1 - 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atasie, V.N., Akinhanmi, T.F., Ojiodu, C.C. 2009. Proximate analysis and physico-chemical properties of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L). Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 8,194 - 197.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baiden, R.Y., Rhule, S.W.A., Otsyina, H.R., Sottie, E.T., Ameleke, G. 2007. Performance of West African Dwarf sheep and goats fed varying levels of cassava pulp as a replacement for cassava peels. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 19.

  • Buitrago, J.A., Ospina, B., Gil J.L., Aparicio, H. 2002. Cassava root and leaf meals as the main ingredients in poultry feeding: some experiences in Columbia. Pp 523 - 541.

  • Cardoso, D.B., Véras, R.M.L., de Carvalho, F.F.R., Magalhães, A.L.R., de Vasconcelos, G.A., Urbano, S.A., Fonsêca, G.M., de Freitas, M.T.D. 2016. Carcass and non-carcass component characteristics of lambs fed with cassava wastewater dregs in replacement of corn. Ciências Agrárias, Londrina, 37, 2711 - 2724.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chikezie, P.C., Ibegbulem, C.O., Monago, O.S., Mbagwu, F.N., Nwachukwu, C.U. 2016. Amino Acid Profiles, Total Nitrogen Contents, and Computed-Protein Efficiency Ratios of Manihot esculenta Root and Dioscorea rotundata Tuber Peels. Journal of Food Processing, 3, 1 - 8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chong, K.P., Atong, M., Rossall, S. 2012. The roles of syringic, caffeic and 4- hydroxybenzoic acids in Ganoderma – oil palm interaction. Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Science, 14, 157 - 166.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dierenfeld, E.S., Fagbenro, O.A. 2014. Use of cassava in livestock and aquaculture feeding programs. ILRI Discussion Paper 25. Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute.

  • Ebuehi, O.A.T., Babalola, O., Ahmed, Z. 2005. Phytochemical, nutritive and anti-nutritive composition of cassava (Manihot esculenta L) tubers and leaves. Nigerian Food Journal 23, 40 - 46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eggum, B.O. 1970. The protein quality of cassava leaves. British Journal of Nutrition, 24, 761–768.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Enneking, D., Wink, M. 2000. Towards the elimination of antinutritional factors in grain legumes. In: Knight, R. (ed), Linking research and marketing opportunities for pulses in the 21st century: Proceedings of the third international food legumes research conference, held in Adelaide, South Australia, 22 - 26 September 1997. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 671 - 683.

  • Ezenwaka, L., Del Carpio Dunia, P., Jannink, J.L., Rabbi, I., Danquah, E., Asante, I., Danquah, A., Blay, E., Egesi, C. 2018. Genome-wide association study of resistance to cassava green mite pest and related traits in cassava. Crop Science, 58, 1907 - 1918.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FAO 2005 Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations statistics (FAOSTAT database P.I.D. 267).

  • FAOSTAT 2015 Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations statistics http://faostat3.fao.org/ [accessed 1st May 2018].

  • Fasae, O.A., Akintola, O.S., Sorunke, A.O., Adu, I.F. 2010. The effects of feeding varying levels of cassava foliage on the performance of West African dwarf goat. Applied Tropical Agriculture 15, 97 - 102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fasae, O.A., Amos, A.O., Owodunni, A., Yusuf, A.O. 2015. Performance, haematological parameters and faecal egg count of semi-intensively managed West African dwarf sheep to varying levels of cassava leaves and peels supplementation. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science, 38, 71 - 81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fasuyi, A.O., Aletor, V.A. 2005. Protein replacement value of cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) leaf protein concentrate in broiler starter: effect on performance, muscle growth, haematology and serum metabolites. International Journal of Poultry Science, 4, 339 - 349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fikrae, B. 2014. Effect of cassava leaf meal substitution on feed intake, digestibility, body weight gain and carcass parameters in Horo yearling sheep. MSc. thesis submitted to School of Animal and Range Sciences, Haramaya University.

  • Francis, G., Makkar, H.P.S. and Becker, K. 2001. The antinutritional factors present in plant-derived alternate fish feed ingredients and their effects in fish. Aquaculture 119, 197 - 227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guimarães, G.S., da Silva, F.F., da Silva, L.L., Galvão, L.M.G., dos Santos, L.M., Alencar, A.M. 2014. Intake, digestibility and performance of Lambs fed with diets containing cassava peels. Ciênc. Agrotec., Lavras, 38, 295 - 302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iyayi, E.A., Losel, D.M. 2001. Protein enrichment of cassava by-products through solid state fermentation by fungi. Journal of Food Technology in Africa, 6, 116 - 118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiwuba, P.C., Ezenwaka, L.C. 2016. Growth performance and apparent nutrient digestibility of West African dwarf goats fed Β-carotene cassava peel-Centrosema leaf meal based diets. Case Studies Journal, 5, 204 - 210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiwuba, P.C., Udemba, F.O. 2019. Productive and physiological characteristics of West African dwarf goats fed cassava root sievate-cassava leaf meal based diet. Acta fytotechn zootechn, 22, 34 - 42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiwuba, P.C. Jiwuba, L.C., Onyekwere, M.U. 2017. Growth performance, haematology and serum biochemistry of West African dwarf sheep fed cassava peel - oil palm leaf meal based diets in a hot humid tropics. Agricultura,14, 37 - 44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiwuba, P.C., Onwujiariri, E.B., Onyekwere, M.U. 2018a. Supplemental effects of cassava sieviate meal with Panicum maximum as basal diet on growth performance of West African Dwarf goats. Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference of the Nigerian Society for Animal Production, March 18th – 22nd 2018, FUT Owerri 693.

  • Jiwuba, P. C, Onwujiariri, E. B., Kadurumba, O. E. 2018b. Carcass yield, organ response and cost/benefit evaluation of West African dwarf goats fed yellow root cassava peel-centrosema leaf meal based diets. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 45, 342 - 351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiwuba, P.C. Onunka, B.N., Nweke, J.C. 2018c. Influence of supplemental cassava root sievate - cassava leaf meal based diets on carcass and economics of production of West African dwarf goats. Sustainability, Agriculture, Food and Environmental Research, 6, 40 - 54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiwuba, P.C., Assam, E.M., Inyang, E.C. 2018d. Effects of feeding varying levels of fufu sieviate meal based diets with Panicum maximum basal on the blood characteristics of West African dwarf goats. Sustainability, Agriculture, Food and Environmental Research, 6, 1 - 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalio, G. A., Anyanwu, N. J. 2016. Performance and haemato - biochemical profiles of West African dwarf (WAD) does fed selected crop by-products in Nigeria. Agrosearch, 16, 41 - 50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaneko, J.J., Harvey, J.W., Bruss, M.L. 1997. Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maciel, M. V., Carvalho, F. F.R., Batista, Â. M.V., Guim, A., Souza, E. J.O., Maciel, L. P.A.A., Pereira Neto, J. D., Lima Junior, D. M. 2015. Carcass and non-carcass characteristics of sheep fed on cassava (Manihot pseudoglaziovii Pax & K. Hoffm.). Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 75, 307 - 312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald P, Eawards, R.A., Greenhalg, J.F.D., Morgan, C.A. 2002. Animal Nutrition. 6th edition, Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd., 90 Tottenham Court Road, London. pp. 29 - 590.

  • Mohamed S. 2014. Oil Palm Leaf: A new functional food ingredient for health and disease prevention. Journal Food Process Technology, 5, 1 - 6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mutayoba, S.K., Farquet, C.M. and Dierenfeld, E.S. 2012. Nutritional evaluation of cassava (Manihot esculenta) fractions (flesh, peels, and leaf) from select cultivars. Global Cassava Partnership for the 21st Century. Entebbe, Uganda. (poster).

  • Norton, B.W. 1994. Tree legumes as dietary supplements for ruminants. In; Forage Tree Legumes in Tropical Agriculture. (Editors: Gutteridge, R.C., Shelton, H.M.). pp. 192-201. CAB International, Wallingford Oxon, OX 10 8DE.UK

  • Obikaonu, H.O., Okoli, I.C., Opara, M.N., Okoro, V.M.O., Ogbuewu, I.P., Etuk, E.B., Udedibie, A.B.I. 2011. Haematological and serum biochemical indices of starter broilers fed neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf meal. Online Journal of Animal Feed Research, 1,150 - 155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oboh, G., Akindahunsi, A.A. 2003. Biochemical changes in cassava products (flour and garri) subjected to Saccharomyces cerevisae – solid media fermentation. Food Chemistry 82, 599 - 602.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Odusanya, L.Q., Fasae, O.A., Adewumi, O.O., James, I.J. 2017. Effect of cassava leaf meal concentrate diets on the performance, haematology and carcass characteristics of West African Dwarf lambs. Arch. Zootec,. 66, 603 - 609.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogbuewu, I.P., Emenalom, O.O., Okoli, I.C. 2015. Alternative feedstuffs and their effects on blood chemistry and haematology of rabbits and chickens: a review. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 26, 277 - 286.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogundipe, J.O., Akinlade, J.A. 2016. Haematological parameters of West African dwarf sheep and goat fed a basal diet of cassava peel supplemented with fresh Gliricidia sepium leaves International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 5, 1229 - 1237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogundu, E.C., Eyoh, G.D., Idiong, N.B., Udo, M.D. 2018. Haematological and Biochemical profiles of West African dwarf goat fed diets containing cassava peels, brewers’ spent grain and Panicum maximum. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 8, 291 - 294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ojebiyi, O.O., Oladunjoye I.O., Aboderin, O.J. Okelade A.A. 2013. Synergetic effect of cassava sievate/soybean milk residue mixtures as replacement for maize in growing rabbits’ diet. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 3, 129 - 135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oke, O.L. 1969. The role of hydrocyanic acid in nutrition. World Review of Nutrition, 11, 170 -175.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okeudo, N.J. 2000. Introductory biochemistry, 1st edn. T’ Afrique International Associate Publication, Owerri.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okike, I., Samireddypalle, A., Kaptoge, L., Fauquet, C., Atehnkeng, J., Bandyopadhyay, R., Kulakow, P., Duncan, A., Alabi, T., Blummel, M. 2015. Technical innovations for small-scale producers and households to process wet cassava peels into high quality animal feed ingredients and aflasafe™ substrate. Food Chain, 5, 71 - 90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Okorie, K.C. 2006. Evaluation of leaf meals from Pentaclethra macrophylla, Jacaranda mimosifolia and Mucuna pruriens as fed ingredients in poultry diets, PhD Thesis. Federal University of Technology, Owerri.

  • Olafadehan, O.A. 2011. Carcass quality and cost-benefit of rabbits fed cassava peel meal. Arch. Zootec, 60, 757 - 765.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olugbemi, T.S., Mutayoba, S.K., Lekule, F.P. 2010. Effect of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) inclusion in cassava based diets fed to broiler chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science, 9, 363 - 367.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oni, A.O., Arigbede, O.M., Oni, O.O., Onwuka, C.F.I., Anele, U.Y., Oduguwa, B.O., Yusuf, K.O. 2010. Effects of feeding different levels of dried cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta Crantz) based concentrates with Panicum maximum basal on the performance of West African Dwarf goats. Livestock Science, 129, 24 - 30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oni, A. O., Arigbede, O.M., Sowande, O.S., Anele, U.Y., Oni, O.O. Onwuka, C.F.I, Onifade, O.S., Yusuf, K.O., Dele, P.A., Aderinboye, R.Y. 2012. Haematological and serum biochemical parameters of West African dwarf goats fed dried cassava leaves-based concentrate diets. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 44, 483 - 490.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oni, A.O., Abatan, A., Adebayo, K., Sowande, O.S., Iposu, S., Onwuka, C.F.I. 2017. Effects of supplementing cassava peels with cassava leaves and cowpea haulms on the rumen environment and blood profile parameters of West African dwarf goats. Archive Zootecnic, 66, 395 - 402.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phuc, B.N.N., Lindberg, J.E. 2001. Ileal and total tract digestibility in growing pigs given cassava root meal diets with inclusion of cassava leaves, leucaena leaves and groundnut foliage. Animal Science, 71, 301 - 308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Radostits, O.M., Gay, C.C., Hinchcliff, K.W., Constable, P.D. 2006. Veterinary Medicine E-Book: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats. 10th ed. Saunders, Elsevier New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramsbottom, J.D., Peters, J.R., Chaudhuri, S. 2008. Increasing ATP availability by inhibition of creatine kinase leakage resulting from high intensity exercise. US Patent 7375097. www.freepatentsonline.com/7375097.html. Accessed 30 Mar 2020.

  • Rosly, S.M., Liang, J.B., Nordin, M.M., Somchit, N., Jelan, Z.A. 2010. Tissues thiocyanate (SCN) concentration and liver pathology of sheep and goats fed on cassava forages. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science, 33, 127 – 133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rout, S.P., Choudary, K.A., Kar, D.M., Das, L., Jain, A. 2009. Plants in traditional medicinal system - future source of new drugs. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, 1, 1 - 23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tewe, O.O., Egbunike, G.N. 1992. Utilization of cassava in non-ruminant livestock feeds. In: Hahn, S.K., Reynolds, L. and Egbunike, G.N. (eds), Cassava as Livestock Feed in Africa: Proceedings of the IITA/ILCA/ University of Ibadan Workshop on the Potential Utilization of Cassava as Livestock Feed in Africa. pp. 28 - 38.

  • Tion, M.A., Adeka, I. 2000. Evaluation of cassava root meal as a replacement for maize in broiler diets. pp: 19 –23. In: Ukachukwu, S.N., Ibeawuchi, J.A., Ibe, S.N., Ezekwe A.G., Abasiekong, S.F. (Eds.) Proceedings of 25th Nigerian Society for Animal Production Annual Conference. Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ukanwoko, A.I., Ibeawuchi, J.A. 2012. Characteristics of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats fed cassava peel – cassava leaf meal based diets. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Science, 1, 28 - 31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ukanwoko, A.I., Ironkwe, M.O. 2012. Growth performance and haematological values of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats fed Leucaena, Gliricidia and cassava leaf meal – cassava peel based diets. International Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Science, 2, 98 -101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ukanwoko, A.I., Ironkwe, M.O., Nmecha C. 2013. Growth performance and hematological characteristics of West African dwarf goats fed oil palm leaf meal – cassava peel based diets. Journal of Animal Production Advance, 3, 1 - 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Unigwe, C.R., Raji, A.M., Popoola, A.M., Balogun, F. A., Adekunle, F.O., Nwokwu, G.N. 2017. Effect of different processing methods on the proximate composition of cassava peels. Journal of Plant and Animal Sciences, 2, 019 - 025.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogt, H. 1966. The use of tapioca meal in poultry rations. World Poultry Science Journal 22,113-125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yin, N.S., Abdullah, S., Phin, C.K. 2013. Phytochemical constituents from leaves of Elaeis guineensis and their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, 5, 137 - 140.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yousuf, M. B., Belewu, M. A., Gbadamosi, A. H. A., Ogudun, N. I. 2007. Replacing cotton seed cake with cassava leaf meal in corn bran based diet fed to the goats. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 13, 231 - 236.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal Production Technology, Federal College of Agriculture, P.M.B.7008, Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria

    P. C. Jiwuba

  2. Biotechnology Programme, National Root Crops Research Institute, P.M.B, 7006, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria

    L. C. Jiwuba

  3. Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa

    I. P. Ogbuewu & C. A. Mbajiorgu

Authors
  1. P. C. Jiwuba
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. L. C. Jiwuba
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. I. P. Ogbuewu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. C. A. Mbajiorgu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors participated in study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and processing were performed by Jiwuba Peter Chinonso and Jiwuba Lydia. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Jiwuba Peter Chinonso, Mbajiorgu Anayo Christian and Ogbuewu Ifeanyi Princewill, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to I. P. Ogbuewu.

Ethics declarations

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Jiwuba, P.C., Jiwuba, L.C., Ogbuewu, I.P. et al. Enhancement values of cassava by-product diets on production and haemato-biochemical indices of sheep and goats: a review. Trop Anim Health Prod 53, 207 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-021-02656-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-021-02656-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation