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Antimicrobial susceptibility and multi-drug resistance of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovars in Sudan

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Abstract

This study was undertaken to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica recovered from human, food, water, and animal samples collected in Khartoum State, Sudan. A total of 64 Salmonella isolates belonging to 28 different serovars were tested for their susceptibility to 13 antimicrobial agents. The majority of isolates (98.4 %) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent. Isolates were frequently resistant to ampicillin (90.6 %), cephalexin (50.0 %), nalidixic acid (25.0 %), streptomycin (21.9 %), kanamycin (18.8 %), gentamicin (17.2 %), and co-trimoxazole and trimethoprim (12.5 %). The most common pattern of multiple drug resistance included resistance to ampicillin and cephalexin. Most isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol (98.4 %), ciprofloxacin (93.8 %), and norfloxacin (90.6 %). Two chicken- and the two human-origin S. Kentucky isolates were resistant to both ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. All S. Kentucky isolates and the one S. Rissen isolate demonstrated multi-drug resistance. The results indicate the significance of multi-drug-resistant Salmonella serovars isolated from chickens and other animals and foods as sources for multi-drug-resistant Salmonella in humans in Sudan.

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Abbreviations

A:

Ampicillin

CAC:

Ceftazidime

Tr:

Trimethoprim

Co:

Co-trimoxazole

NF:

Nitrofurantoin

Cp:

Cephalexin

Ka:

Kanamycin

Na:

Nalidixic acid

NOR:

Norfloxacin

S:

Streptomycin

C:

Chloramphenicol

GM:

Gentamicin

CIP:

Ciprofloxacin

WHO:

World Health Organization

NCCLS:

National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards

OIE:

Office International des Epizooties, Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis

NARMS:

National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System

CIPARS:

Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance

EARSS:

European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System

DANMAP:

Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Programme

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Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis, Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Emirates College of Technology, Millennium Tower Sheikh Hamdan Street, P.O. Box: 41009, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

    Mayha Mohammed Ali Nor Elmadiena

  2. Botany Department, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 321, Khartoum, 11115, Sudan

    Adil Ali El Hussein

  3. Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada

    Catherine Anne Muckle

  4. OIE Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis, Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

    Linda Cole, Elizabeth Wilkie, Ketna Mistry & Ann Perets

Authors
  1. Mayha Mohammed Ali Nor Elmadiena
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  2. Adil Ali El Hussein
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  3. Catherine Anne Muckle
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  4. Linda Cole
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  5. Elizabeth Wilkie
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  6. Ketna Mistry
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  7. Ann Perets
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Correspondence to Adil Ali El Hussein.

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Elmadiena, M.M.A.N., El Hussein, A.A., Muckle, C.A. et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility and multi-drug resistance of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovars in Sudan. Trop Anim Health Prod 45, 1113–1118 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-012-0334-7

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