Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Transgenic Plants for Insect Pest Control: A Forward Looking Scientific Perspective

  • Perspective
  • Published:
Transgenic Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

One of the first successes of plant biotechnology has been the creation and commercialisation of transgenic crops exhibiting resistance to major insect pests. First generation products encompassed plants with single insecticidal Bt genes with resistance against major pests of corn and cotton. Modelling studies predicted that usefulness of these resistant plants would be short-lived, as a result of the ability of insects to develop resistance against single insecticidal gene products. However, despite such dire predictions no such collapse has taken place and the acreage of transgenic insect resistance crops has been increasing at a steady rate over the 9 years since the deployment of the first transgenic insect resistant plant. However, in order to assure durability and sustainability of resistance, novel strategies have been contemplated and are being developed. This perspective addresses a number of potentially useful strategies to assure the longevity of second and third generation insect resistant plants.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • A Abdeen A Virgos E Olivella J Villanueva X Aviles R Gabarra S Prat (2005) ArticleTitleMultiple insect resistence in transgenic tomato plants over-expressing two families of plant proteinase inhibitors Plant Mol Biol 57 189–202 Occurrence Handle15821877 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjtV2hu7c%3D Occurrence Handle10.1007/s11103-004-6959-9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • G Arimura K Tashiro S Kuhara T Nishioka R Ozawa J Takabayashi (2000) ArticleTitleGene responses in bean leaves induced by herbivory and by herbivore-induced volatiles Biochem Biophys Res Commun 277 305–310 Occurrence Handle11032722 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXntlGisLc%3D Occurrence Handle10.1006/bbrc.2000.3672

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BA Bailey MD Strem H Bae G Antunez Mayolo ParticleDe MJ Guiltinan (2005) ArticleTitleGene Expression in leaves of Theobroma cacao in response to mechanical wounding, ethylene and/or methyl jasmonate Plant Sci 168 1247–1258 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjt1WltLk%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.plantsci.2005.01.002

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IT Baldwin R Halitschke A Kessler U Schittko (2001) ArticleTitleMerging molecular and ecological approaches in plant–insect interactions Curr Opin Plant Biol 4 351–358 Occurrence Handle11418346 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXksVyktLg%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1369-5266(00)00184-9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SL Bates JZ Zhao RT Roush AM Shelton (2005) ArticleTitleInsect resistance management in GM crops: past, present and future Nat Biotechnol 23 IssueID1 57–62 Occurrence Handle15637622 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhsFGmtw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1038/nbt1056

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D Boulter GA Edwards AMR Gatehouse JA Gatehouse VA Hilder (1990) ArticleTitleAdditive protective effects of different plant-derived insect resistance genes in transgenic tobacco plants Crop Protect 9 351–354 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0261-2194(90)90005-R

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • EPJ Burgess LA Malone JT Christeller MT Lester C Murray BA Philip MM Phung EL Tregidga (2002) ArticleTitleAvidin expressed in transgenic tobacco leaves confers resistance to two noctuid pests, Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura Transgenic Res 11 185–198 Occurrence Handle12054352 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xkt1SqtLs%3D Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1015297302990

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A Chattopadhyay NB Bhatnagar R Bhatnagar (2005) ArticleTitleBacterial insecticidal toxins Crit Rev Microbiol 30 IssueID1 33–54 Occurrence Handle10.1080/10408410490270712

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WQ Chen NJ Provart J Glazebrook F Katagiri HS Chang T Eulgem F Mauch S Luan GZ Zou SA Whitham (2002) ArticleTitleExpression profile matrix of Arabidopsis transcription factor genes suggests their putative functions in response to environmental stresses Plant Cell 14 559–574 Occurrence Handle11910004 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XivVegt7g%3D Occurrence Handle10.1105/tpc.010410

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JT Christeller EPJ Burgess V Mett HS Gatehouse NP Markwick C Murray LA Malone MA Wright BA Philip D Watt (2002) ArticleTitleThe expression of a mammalian proteinase inhibitor, bovine spleen trypsin inhibitor in tobacco and its effects on Helicoverpa armigera larvae Transgenic Res 11 161–173 Occurrence Handle12054350 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xkt1SqtL0%3D Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1015210919077

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • F Leo ParticleDe M Bonade-Bottino LR Ceci R Gallerani L Jouanin (2001) ArticleTitleEffects of a mustard trypsin inhibitor expressed in different plants on three Lepidopteran pests Insect Biochem Mol Biol 31 IssueID6–7 593–602 Occurrence Handle11267898 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0965-1748(00)00164-8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • F Divol F Vilaine S Thibivilliers J Amselem JC Palauqui C Kusiak S Dinant (2005) ArticleTitleSystemic response to aphid infestation by Myzus persicae in the phloem of Apium graveolens Plant Mol Biol 57 IssueID4 517–540 Occurrence Handle15821978 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjtV2gsrY%3D Occurrence Handle10.1007/s11103-005-0338-z

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RA Dixon (2005) ArticleTitleEngineering of plant natural product pathways Curr Opin Plant Biol 8 IssueID3 329–336 Occurrence Handle15860431 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjslKntrg%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.pbi.2005.03.008

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M Eizaguirre R Albajes C Lopez E Jordi B Lumbierres X Pons (2006) ArticleTitleSix years after the commercial introduction of Bt maize in Spain: field evaluation, impact and future prospects Transgenic Res 15 1–12 Occurrence Handle16475005 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtlSqt78%3D Occurrence Handle10.1007/s11248-005-3998-1

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E Fitches N Audsley JA Gatehouse JP Edwards (2002) ArticleTitleFusion proteins containing neuropeptides as novel insect contol agents: snowdrop lectin delivers fused allatostatin to insect haemolymph following oral ingestion Insect Biochem Mol Biol 32 1653–1661 Occurrence Handle12429117 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XosFChsr8%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0965-1748(02)00105-4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E Fitches MG Edwards C Mee E Grishin AMR Gatehouse JP Edwards JA Gatehouse (2004) ArticleTitleFusion proteins containing insect-specific toxins as pest control agents: snowdrop lectin delivers fused insecticidal spider venom toxin to insect haemolymph following oral ingestion J Insect Physiol 50 IssueID1 61–71 Occurrence Handle15037094 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXltVCrsg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.jinsphys.2003.09.010

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HN Guo XY Chen HL Zhang RX Fang ZQ Yuan ZS Zhang YC Tian (2004) ArticleTitleCharacterization and activity enhancement of the phloem-specific pumpkin PP2 gene promoter Transgenic Res 13 IssueID6 559–566 Occurrence Handle15672837 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVens73I Occurrence Handle10.1007/s11248-004-2738-2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • KE Hammond-Kosack JE Parker (2003) ArticleTitleDeciphering plant–pathogen communication: fresh perspectives for molecular resistance breeding Curr Opin Biotechnol 14 177–193 Occurrence Handle12732319 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjsVGlu78%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0958-1669(03)00035-1

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A Heise B Lippok C Kirsch K Hahlbrock (2002) ArticleTitleTwo immediate-early pathogen-responsive members of the AtCMPG gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana and the W-box-containing elicitor-response element of AtCMPG1 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 9049–9054 Occurrence Handle12084942 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XltF2hu78%3D Occurrence Handle10.1073/pnas.132277699

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D Hermsmeier U Schittko IT Baldwin (2001) ArticleTitleMolecular interactions between the specialist herbivore Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) and its natural host Nicotiana attenuata. I. Large-scale changes in the accumulation of growth- and defence-related plant mRNAs Plant Physiol 125 683–700 Occurrence Handle11161026 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhs1KlsLw%3D Occurrence Handle10.1104/pp.125.2.683

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TS Hooker AA Millar L Kunst (2002) ArticleTitleSignificance of the expression of the CER6 condensing enzyme for cuticular wax production in Arabidopsis Plant Physiol 129 1568–1580 Occurrence Handle12177469 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xmtl2gsbk%3D Occurrence Handle10.1104/pp.003707

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DQ Hui J Iqbal K Lehmann K Gase HP Saluz IT Baldwin (2003) ArticleTitleMolecular interactions between the specialist herbivore Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) and its natural host Nicotiana attenuata: V. Microarray analysis and further characterization of large-scale changes in herbivore-induced mRNAs Plant Physiol 131 1877–1893 Occurrence Handle12692347 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjt1Sqtr8%3D Occurrence Handle10.1104/pp.102.018176

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • C James (2004) Global Status of Commercialised Transgenic Crops ISAAA Briefs No.32: Preview ISAAA Ithaca, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • ET Johnson PF Dowd (2004) ArticleTitleDifferentially enhanced insect resistance, at a cost, in Arabidopsis thaliana constitutively expressing a transcription factor of defensive metabolites J Agric Food Chem 52 IssueID16 5135–5138 Occurrence Handle15291486 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXls1Kqs7c%3D Occurrence Handle10.1021/jf0308049

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R Karlova M Weemen-Hendriks S Naimov J Ceron S Dukiandjiev RA Maagd Particlede (2005) ArticleTitle Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin Cry1Ac domain III enhances activity against Heliothis virescens in some, but not all Cry1-Cry1Ac hybrids J Invertebr Pathol 88 IssueID2 169–172 Occurrence Handle15766934 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXitlCgtbg%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.jip.2004.11.004

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • C Kirsch (2001) ArticleTitleA highly specific pathogen-responsive promoter element from the immediate-early activated CMPG1 gene in Petroselinum crispum Plant J 26 217–227 Occurrence Handle11389762 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXkvVSnsrg%3D Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.01015.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IB Maiti N Dey S Pattanaik DL Dahlman RL Rana BA Webb (2003) ArticleTitleAntibiosis-type insect resistance in transgenic plants expressing a teratocyte secretory protein (TSP14) gene from a hymenopteran endoparasite (Microplitis croceipes) Plant Biotechnol J 1 IssueID3 209–219 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXosFyrsrg%3D Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1467-7652.2003.00019.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SB Maqbool S Riazuddin NT Loc AMR Gatehouse JA Gatehouse P Christou (2001) ArticleTitleExpression of multiple insecticidal genes confers broad resistance against a range of different rice pests Mol Breed 7 85–93 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjtVOitbc%3D Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1009644712157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • L Mehlo D Gahakwa PT Nghia NT Loc T Capell JA Gatehouse AMR Gatehouse P Christou (2005) ArticleTitleAn alternative strategy for sustainable pest resistance in genetically enhanced crops Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 IssueID22 7812–7816 Occurrence Handle15908504 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXkvF2jtb8%3D Occurrence Handle10.1073/pnas.0502871102

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • I Mewis HM Appel A Hom R Raina JC Schultz (2005) ArticleTitleMajor signaling pathways modulate Arabidopsis glucosinolate accumulation and response to both phloem-feeding and chewing insects Plant Physiol 138 IssueID2 1149–1162 Occurrence Handle15923339 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXmtVejsbw%3D Occurrence Handle10.1104/pp.104.053389

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RW Michelmore (2003) ArticleTitleThe impact zone: genomics and breeding for durable disease resistance Curr Opin Plant Biol 6 397–404 Occurrence Handle12873536 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1369-5266(03)00067-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DJ Moellenbeck ML Peters JW Bing JR Rouse LS Higgins L Sims T Nevshemal L Marshall RT Ellis PG Bystrak (2001) ArticleTitleInsecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis protect from corn rootworms Nat Biotechnol 19 668–672 Occurrence Handle11433280 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXkvFGhsrY%3D Occurrence Handle10.1038/90282

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PJ Moran GA Thompson (2001) ArticleTitleMolecular responses to aphid feeding in Arabidopsis in relation to plant defense pathways Plant Physiol 125 IssueID2 1074–1085 Occurrence Handle11161062 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhs1Klt7Y%3D Occurrence Handle10.1104/pp.125.2.1074

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D Nagadhara S Ramesh IC Pasalu YK Rao NP Sarma VD Reddy KV Rao (2004) ArticleTitleTransgenic rice plants expressing the snowdrop lectin gene (gna) exhibit high-level resistance to the whitebacked planthopper (Sogatella furcifera) Theor Appl Genet 109 1399–1405 Occurrence Handle15252708 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVahtbbF Occurrence Handle10.1007/s00122-004-1750-5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S Okumoto W Koch M Tegeder WN Fischer A Biehl D Leister YD Stierhof WB Frommer (2004) ArticleTitleRoot phloem-specific expression of the plasma membrane amino acid proton co-transporter AAP3 J Exp Bot 55 2155–2168 Occurrence Handle15361541 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXnvVOks7g%3D Occurrence Handle10.1093/jxb/erh233

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K Ostlie (2001) ArticleTitleCrafting crop resistance to corn rootworms Nat Biotechnol 19 624–625 Occurrence Handle11433270 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3Mzns12mug%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1038/90219

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M Padidam (2003) ArticleTitleChemically regulated gene expression in plants Curr Opin Plant Biol 6 169–177 Occurrence Handle12667875 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXit12msrw%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1369-5266(03)00005-0

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A Retnakaran P Krell QL Feng B Arif (2003) ArticleTitleEcdysone agonists: Mechanism and importance in controlling insect pests of agriculture and forestry Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 54 187–199 Occurrence Handle14635180 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXps1ers7Y%3D Occurrence Handle10.1002/arch.10116

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • KV Rao KS Rathore TK Hodges X Fu E Stoger D Sudhakar S Williams P Christou M Bharathi DP Bown KS Powell J Spence AMR Gatehouse JA Gatehouse (1998) ArticleTitleExpression of snowdrop lectin (GNA) in transgenic rice plants confers resistance to rice brown planthopper Plant J 15 IssueID4 469–477 Occurrence Handle9753773 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXmtFOitrc%3D Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-313X.1998.00226.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E Rojo R Solano JJ Sanchez-Serrano (2003) ArticleTitleInteractions between signaling compounds involved in plant defence J Plant Growth Regul 22 82–98 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXosF2kurw%3D Occurrence Handle10.1007/s00344-003-0027-6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PJ Rushton A Reinstadler V Lipka B Lippok IE Somssich (2002) ArticleTitleSynthetic plant promoters containing defined regulatory elements provide novel insights into pathogen- and wound-induced signalling Plant Cell 14 IssueID4 749–762 Occurrence Handle11971132 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XjsFWksb0%3D Occurrence Handle10.1105/tpc.010412

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PM Schenk K Kazan I Wilson JP Anderson T Richmond SC Somerville JM Manners (2000) ArticleTitleCoordinated plant defence responses in Arabidopsis revealed by microarray analysis Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97 11655–11660 Occurrence Handle11027363 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXnsF2qtro%3D Occurrence Handle10.1073/pnas.97.21.11655

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DJ Segal JT Stege CF Barbas (2003) ArticleTitleZinc fingers and a green thumb: manipulating gene expression in plants Curr Opin Plant Biol 6 IssueID2 163–168 Occurrence Handle12667874 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXit12msr8%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1369-5266(03)00007-4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PK Singh M Kumar CP Chaturvedi D Yadav R Tuli (2004) ArticleTitleDevelopment of a hybrid delta-endotoxin and its expression in tobacco and cotton for control of a polyphagous pest Spodoptera litura Transgenic Res 13 IssueID5 397–410 Occurrence Handle15587265 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXovFalsb0%3D Occurrence Handle10.1007/s11248-004-4908-7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MJ Stout AL Fidantsef SS Duffey RM Bostock (1999) ArticleTitleSignal interactions in pathogen and insect attack: systemic plant-mediated interactions between pathogens and herbivores of the tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 54 115–130 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXisVOntrY%3D Occurrence Handle10.1006/pmpp.1998.0193

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • B Tomsett A Tregova A Garoosi M Caddick (2004) ArticleTitleEthanol-inducible gene expression: first step towards a new green revolution? Trends Plant Sci 9 159–161 Occurrence Handle15272446 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXivVGjsLk%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.tplants.2004.02.002

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • C Tortiglione V Fogliano R Ferracane P Fanti F Pennacchio LM Monti R Rao (2003) ArticleTitleAn insect peptide engineered into the tomato prosystemin gene is released in transgenic tobacco plants and exerts biological activity Plant Mol Biol 53 IssueID6 891–902 Occurrence Handle15082933 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjtVWmsLc%3D Occurrence Handle10.1023/B:PLAN.0000023667.62501.ef

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • F Zhang L Zhu GC He (2004) ArticleTitleDifferential gene expression in response to brown planthopper feeding in rice J Plant Physiol 161 IssueID1 53–62 Occurrence Handle15002664 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXis1eiurY%3D Occurrence Handle10.1078/0176-1617-01179

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J-Z Zhao J Cao Y Li HL Collins R Roush ED Earle AM Shelton (2003) ArticleTitleTransgenic plants expressing two Bacillus thuringiensis toxins delay insect resistance evolution Nat Biotechnol 21 1493–1497 Occurrence Handle14608363 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXpt1GltLo%3D Occurrence Handle10.1038/nbt907

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K Zhu-Salzman JE Ahn RA Salzman H Koiwa RE Shade S Balfe (2003) ArticleTitleFusion of a soybean cysteine protease inhibitor and a legume lectin enhances anti-insect activity synergistically Agric Forest Entomol 5 IssueID4 317–323 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1461-9563.2003.00194.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Biology, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK

    N. Ferry, M. G. Edwards & A. M. R. Gatehouse

  2. School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE, Durham, UK

    J. Gatehouse

  3. Departament de Produccio Vegetal I Ciencia Forestal, Universitat de Lleida, ICREA, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 177, E-25198, Lleida, Spain

    T. Capell & P. Christou

Authors
  1. N. Ferry
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. G. Edwards
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. J. Gatehouse
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. T. Capell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. P. Christou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. A. M. R. Gatehouse
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to P. Christou.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ferry, N., Edwards, M.G., Gatehouse, J. et al. Transgenic Plants for Insect Pest Control: A Forward Looking Scientific Perspective. Transgenic Res 15, 13–19 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11248-005-4803-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11248-005-4803-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation