Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Steam Reforming of Toluene Over Pt/Ce x Zr1−x O2/Al2O3 Catalysts

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Topics in Catalysis Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Steam reforming of toluene was investigated over Pt/Ce x Zr1−x O2/Al2O3 catalysts with different ceria and zirconia content (x = 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00). Toluene was used as model molecule representative of tar produced in biomass gasification. The main reactions over Pt/Ce x Zr1−x O2/Al2O3 catalysts are the steam reforming of toluene and the water–gas shift. The dealkylation of toluene to benzene and methane takes place only at the beginning of the reaction. Toluene conversion significantly decreases during the reaction for all catalysts excepted for Pt/CeO2/Al2O3 catalyst. Catalyst deactivation was attributed to carbon deposition as revealed by Raman spectroscopy. A clear relationship is observed between the acidity of the catalyst and the amount of carbon formed over Pt/Ce x Zr1−x O2/Al2O3 catalysts. Decreasing the Ce/Zr ratio increased the density of acid sites as well as the amount of carbon formed. This result suggests that the main route for carbon deposition proceeds by the oligomerization of toluene molecule on the acid sites of the support. Pt/CeO2/Al2O3 catalyst was quite stable during steam reforming of toluene without carbon deposition. For this catalyst, ceria covered the acid sites of alumina and did not introduce significant Lewis acid sites.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Scheme 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Tung MM, Jablonski WS, Magrini-Bair KA (2009) Energy Fuels 23:1874

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Abu El Rub Z, Bramer EA, Brem G (2004) Ind Eng Chem Res 43:6911

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Coll R, Salvadó J, Farriol X, Montané D (2001) Fuel Process Technol 74:19

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Srinakruang J, Sato K, Vitidsant T, Fujimoto K (2005) Fuel 85:2419

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Zhang R, Wang Y, Brown RRC (2007) Energy Convers Manag 48:68

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Swierczynski D, Libs S, Courson C, Kiennemann A (2007) Appl Catal B 74:211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Virginie M, Courson C, Niznamsky D, Chaoui N, Kiennemann A (2010) Appl Catal B 101:90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bona S, Guillén P, Alcalde JG, García L, Bilbao R (2008) Chem Eng J 137:587

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ashok J, Kawi S (2013) Int J Hydrogen Energy 38:13938

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Zhang, Hongwei C, Xionggang L, Weizhong D, Guozh Z (2009) Rare Metals 28:582

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Mukai D, Murai Y, Higo T, Tochiya S, Hashimoto T, Sugiura Y, Sekine Y (2013) Appl Catal A 466:190

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Sekine Y, Mukai D, Murai Y, Tochiya S, Izutsu Y, Seriguchi K, Hosomura N, Arai H, Kikuchi E, Sugiura Y (2013) Appl Catal A 451:160

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Soongprasit K, Aht-Ong D, Sricharoeenchaikul V, Atong D (2012) Curr Appl Phys 12:580

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Lamarcz A, Krzton A (2009) Catal Lett 128:40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Oemar U, Ang ML, Hee WF, Hidajat K, Kawi S (2014) Appl Catal B 148:231

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Oemar U, Ang PS, Hidajat K, Kawi S (2013) Int J Hydrogen Energy 38:5525

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Li C, Hirabayashi D, Suzuki K (2009) Fuel Proc Technol 90:790

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Rostrup-Nielsen JR (1984) J Catal 85:31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Trimm DL (1997) Catal Today 37:233

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Pena MA, Fierro JLG (2001) Chem Rev 101:1981

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Tomasic V (2007) Catal Today 119:106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Farrauto RJ (2014) Chem Eng J 238:172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Wang X, Gorte RJ (2002) Appl Catal A 224:209

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Silva FA, Martinez DS, Ruiz JAC, Mattos LV, Hori CE, Noronha FB (2008) Appl Catal A 335:145

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Rogemond E, Essayem N, Frety R, Perrichon V, Primet M, Mathis F (1997) J Catal 166:229

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Pantu P, Gavalas G (2002) Appl Catal A 223:253

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Silva PP, Silva FA, Portela LS, Mattos LV, Noronha FB, Hori CE (2005) Catal Today 107:734

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Silva PP, Silva FA, Souza HP, Lobo AG, Mattos LV, Noronha FB, Hori CE (2005) Catal Today 101:31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Hori CE, Permana H, KY Simon Ng, Brenner A, More K, Rahmoeller KM, Belton D (1998) Appl Catal B 16:105

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Farias EC, Neto RCR, Colman RC, Noronha FB (2014) Catal Today 228:138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Kozlov AI, Kim DH, Yezerets A, Andersen P, Kung HH, Kung MC (2002) J Catal 209:417

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Li Y, He D, Zhu Q, Zhang X, Xu B (2004) J Catal 221:584

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Yao HC, Yao YF (1984) J Catal 86:254

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Shyu JZ, Otto K (1989) J Catal 115:16

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Santos ACSF, Damyanova S, Teixeira GNR, Mattos LV, Noronha FB, Passos FB, Bueno JMC (2005) Appl Catal A 290:123

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Stagg-Williams SM, Noronha FB, Fendley G, Resasco DE (2000) J Catal 194:240

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Noronha FB, Fendley EC, Soares RR, Alvarez WE, Resasco DE (2001) Chem Eng J 82:21

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Fornasiero P, Di Monte R, Ranga Rao G, Kaspar J, Meriani S, Trovarelli A, Graziani M (1995) J Catal 151:168

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Duprez D, Miloudi A, Delahay G, Maurel R (1986) J Catal 101:56

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Belin T, Epron F (2005) Mater Sci Eng B 119:105

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Ferrari AC, Robertson J (2000) Phys Rev B 61:14095

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Dresselhaus MS, Dresselhaus G, Hofmann M (2007) Vib Spectrosc 45:71

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Rostrup-Nielsen JR (1993) Catal Today 18:305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Rostrup-Nielsen JR, Rostrup-Nielsen T (2002) CATTECH 6:150

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Rostrup-Nielsen JR, Sehested J, Norskov (2002) J Adv Catal 47:65

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Trimm DL (1999) Catal Today 49:3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Coats AM, Cooper E, Raval R (1994) Surf Sci 307–309:89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Mattos LV, Rodino E, Resasco DE, Passos FB, Noronha FB (2003) Fuel Process Technol 83(147):161

    Google Scholar 

  49. Noronha FB, Shamsi A, Taylor C, Fendley EC, Stagg-William S, Resasco DE (2003) Catal Lett 90:13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Ruiz JAC, Passos FB, Bueno JMC, Souza-Aguiar EF, Mattos LV, Noronha FB (2008) Appl Catal A 334:259

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Viinikainen T (2013) Appl Catal B 142:769

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. O’Malley A, Hodnett BK (1999) Catal Today 54:31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Guisnet M, Ribeiro FR (2004) Zeólitos, um nanomundo ao serviço da catálise, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the scholarship received from Research Support Foundation of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ). The authors are also grateful for support from The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development—CNPq (407144/2013-7). We also thank Marcos Anacleto and COPPE/UFRJ for the NH3-TPD experiments.

Author information

Author notes

  1. R. P. S. Peguin

    Present address: Innovation and Technology – Catalysis, Braskem S.A., Via Oeste Lote 5, Triunfo, RS, 95853-000, Brazil

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemical Engineering Department, Military Institute of Engineering, Praça Gal. Tiburcio 80, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-270, Brazil

    T. P. de Castro, L. E. P. Borges & F. B. Noronha

  2. Catalysis Division, National Institute of Technology, Av. Venezuela 82, Rio de Janeiro, 20081-312, Brazil

    T. P. de Castro, R. P. S. Peguin, R. C. R. Neto & F. B. Noronha

Authors
  1. T. P. de Castro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. R. P. S. Peguin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. R. C. R. Neto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. L. E. P. Borges
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. F. B. Noronha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to F. B. Noronha.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

de Castro, T.P., Peguin, R.P.S., Neto, R.C.R. et al. Steam Reforming of Toluene Over Pt/Ce x Zr1−x O2/Al2O3 Catalysts. Top Catal 59, 292–302 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-015-0443-4

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-015-0443-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation