Abstract
The metathesis of ethene and 2-butene to propene was studied over WO3/SiO2 catalysts with various WO3 loadings (2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 24 wt%). The 2-butene conversion and propene selectivity increased greatly with WO3 loading increasing from 2 to 8 wt%, reached maximum at 8–12 wt% WO3 loading, and then decreased when the WO3 loading was higher than 12 wt%. From the above results and taking the economics into account, the optimal amount of WO3 loading was ~8 wt%. The catalysts were characterized by physico-chemical and spectroscopic techniques to elucidate the effect of different tungsten oxide loadings on the metathesis reactivity of ethene and 2-butene. The characterization data indicated that three types of tungsten species (i.e., surface tetrahedral tungsten species, surface octahedral polytungstate species, and WO3 crystallites) were present in the catalysts. It was found that WO3 was not the active centers, and surface tetrahedral tungsten species might be more active than octahedral polytungstate species in metathesis reaction. The reduced form of tungsten species [W+4, W+5, and W+(6−y) (0 < y < 1)] may be the suitable state of W species acting as metathesis active centers.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Plotkin JS (2005) Catal Today 106:10
Chen JQ, Bozzano A, Glover B, Fuglerud T, Kvisle S (2005) Catal Today 106:103
Meyers RA (2004) Handbook of petrochemicals production processes. McGraw-Hill, New York, p 10.35
Mol JC (2004) J Mol Catal A 213:39
van Schalkwyk C, Spamer A, Moodley DJ, Dube T, Reynhardt J, Botha JM (2003) Appl Catal A 255:121
Lokhat D, Starzak M, Stelmachowski M (2008) Appl Catal A 351:137
Lu G, Li XY, Qu ZP, Wang YX, Chen GH (2008) Appl Surf Sci 255:3117
Wang YD, Chen QL, Yang WM, Xie ZK, Xu W, Yin HD (2003) Appl Catal A 250:25
Spamer A, Dube TI, Moodley DJ, van Schalkwyk C, Botha JM (2003) Appl Catal A 255:153
Xie YC, Tang YQ (1990) Adv Catal 37:1
Yoshimoto R, Okumura K, Niwa M (2003) Catal Today 84:159
Hardcastle FD, Wachs IE (1995) J Raman Spectrosc 26:397
Medgaarden EIR, Wachs IE (2007) J Phys Chem C 111:15089
Nilitina EA, Prokhorskii ME, Tunichenko LV, Fofanoc AD (2004) Crystallogr Rep 49:713
Yang XL, Dai WL, Gao RH, Fan KN (2007) J Catal 249:278
Lee EL, Wachs IE (2008) J Phys Chem C 112:6487
Ross-Medgaarden EI, Knowles WV, Kim T, Kim T, Wong MS, Zhou W, Kiely CJ, Wachs IE (2008) J Catal 256:108
Lee EL, Wachs IE (2007) J Phys Chem C 111:14410
Logie V, Maire G, Michel D, Vignes JL (1999) J Catal 188:90
Lucas AD, Valverde JL, CanÄizares P, Rodriguez L (1999) Appl Catal A 184:143
Benitez VM, Querini CA, Figoli NS (2003) Appl Catal A 252:427
Huang SJ, Liu SL, Xin WJ, Bai J, Xie SJ, Wang QX, Xu LY (2005) J Mol Catal A 226:61
Teoh LG, Shieh J, Lai WH, Hung IM, Hon MH (2005) J Alloys Compd 396:251
Basrur AG, Patwardhan SR, Vyas SN (1991) J Catal 127:86
Acknowledgments
The research work was supported by Research Foundation of China National Petroleum Corporation (W06-03A-02-01-03).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhao, Q., Chen, SL., Gao, J. et al. Effect of tungsten oxide loading on metathesis activity of ethene and 2-butene over WO3/SiO2 catalysts. Transition Met Chem 34, 621–627 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11243-009-9239-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11243-009-9239-3