Abstract
Polyamines, as regulatory compounds, contribute to plant growth, development, and defense responses. Despite attempts to elucidate polyamines effect on the secondary metabolites biosynthesis, their functional roles require further investigation. Here, the role of putrescine on the lignans production and different signaling and metabolic pathways modulation has been investigated in Linum album hairy roots. Our results revealed that putrescine affects the oxidative status of cells by increasing the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and activating superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidases (POD) enzymes. Besides, nitric oxide (NO) content augmented during the first hours of the treatment with putrescine. Metabolic assays suggest that putrescine treatment shifts energy and metabolic flows, via changing the carbohydrates and amino acids biosynthesis, towards the phenolics production. Putrescine-induced activation of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL) occurred, likely via the H2O2 and NO signaling pathways. The activation of the PAL and TAL enzymes ultimately led to an increase in phenolic acids, which either play a regulatory role or are precursors to other phenolic compounds such as flavonoids and lignans. The general assumption is that putrescine regulates the lignan biosynthesis by inducing signaling pathways, altering oxidative status, and modifying metabolite profiles in L. album hairy roots.
Key message
Putrescine treatment induces lignans accumulation accompanied by modulation of oxidative status and alteration of amino acids and carbohydrates contents in L. album hairy roots.
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Data availability
The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors, upon request.
Abbreviations
- 6MPTOX:
-
6-Methoxypodophyllotoxin
- CAT:
-
Catalase
- H2O2 :
-
Hydrogen peroxide
- LARI:
-
Lariciresinol
- MDA:
-
Malondialdehyde
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- PAL:
-
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
- POD:
-
Peroxidase
- PTOX:
-
Podophyllotoxin
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SA:
-
Salicylic acid
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- TAL:
-
Tyrosine ammonia-lyase
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The authors would like to thank Tarbiat Modares University for providing the laboratory facilities and financial support for this project. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public and not-for-profit sectors.
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All authors contributed to this research paper. MS performed the experiments and analyzed data and interpreted data. MSh designed and advised the study. RF supervised the study. NAC advised the study. ES wrote the final draft and revised it. SV analyzed data and wrote the first draft.
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Soltani, M., Samari, E., Vazirifar, S. et al. Putrescine induces lignans biosynthesis through changing the oxidative status and reprogramming amino acids and carbohydrates levels in Linum album hairy roots. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 153, 387–402 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-023-02479-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-023-02479-6