Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

In vitro large-scale propagation and genetic fidelity of Toona sinensis (Juss.) M.Roem., an economically important vegetable tree

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Toona sinensis (Juss.) M.Roem., is an economically important seasonable vegetable tree with a wide range of nutritional, medicinal, and industrial values. The existing breeding methods can no longer sustainably meet the growing and annual production demands for T. sinensis buds. An efficient and cost-effective in vitro large-scale micropropagation procedure for T. sinensis was developed from shoot stems with axillary or terminal buds through the processes of callus elimination, multiple shoot induction and hydroponic acclimation of the regenerated plantlets. Plant growth regulators, explant type, explant age and activated charcoal (AC) play an important role in multiple shoot induction and callus reduction. The highest shoot induction frequency (97.8%) with a mean number of shoots equal to 7.6 and a relatively smaller callus (0.3 cm in diameter) was obtained from the in vitro culture of 75-day-old shoot stems with axillary buds in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium augmented with 1.0 mg l−1 N6-benzyladenine (6-BA) and 0.2 mg l−1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). In addition, a complete plantlet with strong roots and mature leaves could be obtained directly by culturing the shoot stem segment on medium containing at least 0.5 g l−1 AC, which reveals a new direction for the industrialized propagation of T. sinensis. Among the PGRs tested, a low concentration (0.5 mg l−1) of zeatin (ZT) was found to be the most conducive to shoot elongation. We also found that low concentrations of auxin, activated carbon, sucrose and a low macronutrient strength are more beneficial for in vitro adventitious root formation. The highest rooting response (100%) with 5.7 roots produced per shoot was achieved in 1/4 MS medium with the addition of 0.5 mg l−1 potassium salt of indole butyric acid (K-IBA), 0.5 g l−1 AC, and 10.0 g l−1 sucrose. In addition, the major challenge of the low transplanting survival rate of regenerated T. sinensis plants was solved by adopting an ex-vitro hydroponic domestication strategy in a mini-incubator. The plants were successfully hardened in a transplanting mixture of garden soil, perlite, vermiculite and Pindstrup substrate (3:1:1:3), and the transplanting survival rate was 95.3%. Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) assessment revealed no difference between the regenerated plants and the mother plants. The micropropagation protocol established in this study will lay the foundation for germplasm conservation of T. sinensis and its sustainable utilization in food.

Key message

An efficient and genetically stable in vitro large-scale micropropagation procedure for Toona sinensis was developed from shoot stem with through multiple shoot induction and hydroponic domestication.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

AC:

Activated charcoal

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

MS medium:

Murashige and Skoog medium

6-BA:

N6-benzyladenine

GA3 :

Gibberellic acid

IBA:

Indole-3-butyric acid

IAA:

Indole-3-acetic acid

ISSR:

Inter-simple sequence repeat

K-IBA:

Potassium salt of indole butyric acid

KT:

Kinetin

NAA:

A-naphthaleneacetic acid

PGRs:

Plant growth regulators

CRD:

Completely randomized design

TDZ:

Thidiazuron

ZT:

Zeatin

References

  • Abdullah M, Sliwinska E, Goralski G, Latocha P, Tuleja M, Widyna P, Popielarska-Konieczna M (2021) Effect of medium composition, genotype and age of explant on the regeneration of hexaploid plants from endosperm culture of tetraploid kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 147:569–582

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad A, Ahmad N, Anis M, Alatar AA, Abdel-Salam EM, Qahtan AA, Faisal M (2021) Gibberellic acid and thidiazuron promote micropropagation of an endangered woody tree (Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.) using in vitro seedlings. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 144:449–462

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al Khateeb W, Bahar E, Lahham J, Schroeder D, Hussein E (2013) Regeneration and assessment of genetic fidelity of the endangered tree Moringa peregrina (Forsk.) Fiori using Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR). Physiol Mol Biol Plants 19:157–164

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ayala PG, Brugnoli EA, Luna CV, Gonzalez AM, Pezzutti R, Sansberro PA (2019) Eucalyptus nitens plant regeneration from seedling explants through direct adventitious shoot bud formation. Trees-Struct Funct 33:1667–1678

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bayraktar M, Hayta-Smedley S, Unal S, Varol N, Gurel A (2020) Micropropagation and prevention of hyperhydricity in olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivar “Gemlik.” S Afr J Bot 128:264–273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bingkun T, Pengcheng W, Yaomei Y (2002) Study on cutting propagation of Toona sinensis. China Veg 1:13–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Cai W, Duan H, Wang J, Zhu Y (2019) Establishment of in vitro rapid micropropagation of four table grape cultivars. J Nucl Agric Sci 33:248–254

    Google Scholar 

  • Cao J-J, Lv Q-Q, Zhang B, Chen H-Q (2019) Structural characterization and hepatoprotective activities of polysaccharides from the leaves of Toona sinensis (A. Juss) Roem. Carbohyd Polym 212:89–101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen C-J, Michaelis M, Hsu H-K, Tsai C-C, Yang KD, Wu Y-C, Cinatl J Jr, Doerr HW (2008) Toona sinensis Roem tender leaf extract inhibits SARS coronavirus replication. J Ethnopharmacol 120:108–111

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chen GH, Huang FS, Lin YC, Hsu CK, Chung YC (2013) Effects of water extract from anaerobic fermented Toona sinensis Roemor on the expression of antioxidant enzymes in the Sprague-Dawley Rats. J Funct Foods 5:773–780

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen CH, Li CJ, Tai IC, Lin XH, Hsu HK, Ho MLJICT (2017) The fractionated Toona sinensis leaf extract induces apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cells and inhibits tumor growth in a murine xenograft model. Integr Cancer Ther 16:397–405

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Zhao M, Hu Z, Liu H, Li S (2020) Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed the cooperative regulation of sucrose and IAA on adventitious root formation in lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn). BMC Genomics 21:1–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Chih-Yao H, Pung-Ling H, Chih-Ming C, Chi-Tang M, Shu-Miaw CJCPB (2012) Tangy scent in Toona sinensis (Meliaceae) leaflets: isolation, functional characterization, and regulation of TsTPS1 and TsTPS2, two key terpene synthase genes in the biosynthesis of the scent compound. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 13:2721–2732

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chutipaijit S, Sutjaritvorakul T (2018) Application of activated charcoal and nanocarbon to callus induction and plant regeneration in aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.). Chem Speciat Bioavailab 30:1–8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dong J, Yang W, Wang M, Ma Y (2013) Analysis of characteristic aroma components of Toona sinensis fruits grown in Yuxi, Yunnan Province. Food Sci 34:217–220

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dong F-S, Lv M-Y, Wang J-P, Shi X-P, Liang X-X, Liu Y-W, Yang F, Zhao H, Chai J-F, Zhou S (2020) Transcriptome analysis of activated charcoal-induced growth promotion of wheat seedlings in tissue culture. BMC Genet 21:1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gonin M, Bergougnoux V, Nguyen TD, Gantet P, Champion A (2019) What makes adventitious roots? Plants-Basel 8(240):1–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin GJ, Hale MG, Shay FJ (1976) Nature and quantity of sloughed organic-matter produced by roots of axenic peanut plants. Soil Biol Biochem 8:29–32

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hou JY, Mao YJ, Su PF, Wang DC, Chen X, Huang SW, Ni J, Zhao WW, Wu LF (2020) A high throughput plant regeneration system from shoot stems of Sapium sebiferum Roxb., a potential multipurpose bioenergy tree. Ind Crops Prod 154:112–653

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsiang CY, Hseu YC, Chang YC, Kumar KJS, Ho TY, Yang HL (2013) Toona sinensis and its major bioactive compound gallic acid inhibit LPS-induced inflammation in nuclear factor-kappa B transgenic mice as evaluated by in vivo bioluminescence imaging. Food Chem 136:426–434

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang X, Zhang B, Lei M, Zhang J, Zhang J (2019) Analysis of nutrient composition and antioxidant characteristics in the tender shoots of Chinese toon picked under different conditions. LWT-Food Sci Technol 109:137–144

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaeppler SM, Kaeppler HF, Rhee Y (2000) Epigenetic aspects of somaclonal variation in plants. Plant Mol Biol 43:179–188

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kakumu A, Ninomiya M, Efdi M, Adfa M, Hayashi M, Tanaka K, Koketsu M (2014) Phytochemical analysis and antileukemic activity of polyphenolic constituents of Toona sinensis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 24:4286–4290

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kang B, Zhang X, Chen Y, Zhang J, Li J, Cao J (2002) Effect of PP_(333) and CCC on growth multiplications and rooting of Toona sinensis in tissue culture. Acta Bot Boreali-Occidentalla Sinica 22:411–415

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuo C-EA, Wu S-Y, Lee C-H, Lai Y-R, Lu C-H, Chen P-C, Cheng J-H, Tsai L-Y, Yen K-T, Tsao Y, Tsai S-M (2020) Toona sinensis modulates autophagy and cytokines in lipopolysaccharide- induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Biomed Pharmacother 129:110–386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lakehal A, Bellini C (2019) Control of adventitious root formation: insights into synergistic and antagonistic hormonal interactions. Physiol Plant 165:90–100

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li P, Miao X, Wu J, Hu J (2011) Physiological effects of chitosan on seeds germintion and seedling growth of Toona sinensis. J Northw For Univ 26:44–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Li F, Gao Y, Xiao X, Chen Q, Xiao H (2017) Effects of Toona sinensis leaf alcohol extract on lifespan and antioxidant activity of Drosophila melanogaster. J Fujian Normal Univ Nat Sci Ed 33:59–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Liao J-W, Chung Y-C, Yeh J-Y, Lin Y-C, Lin Y-G, Wu S-M, Chan Y-C (2007) Safety evaluation of water extracts of Toona sinensis Roemor leaf. Food Chem Toxicol 45:1393–1399

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liao JW, Yeh JY, Lin YC, Wei MM, Chung YC (2009) Mutagenicity and safety evaluation of water extract of fermented Toona sinensis roemor leaves. J Food Sci 74:T7–T13

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liqiong XU, Bingkun TU (2007) Studies on leaf tissue culture and rapid propagation of Toona sinensis. Hubei Agric Sci 46:24–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin S, Chen C, Luo H, Xu W, Zhang H, Tian J, Ju R, Wang L (2019) The combined effect of ozone treatment and polyethylene packaging on postharvest quality and biodiversity of Toona sinensis (A.Juss.) M.Roem. Postharvest Biol Technol 154:1–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luo XD, Wu SH, Ma YB, Wu DG (2000) Limonoids and phytol derivatives from Cedrela sinensis. Fitoterapia 71:492–496

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mali AM, Chavan NS (2016) In vitro rapid regeneration through direct organogenesis and ex-vitro establishment of Cucumis trigonus Roxb.-an underutilized pharmaceutically important cucurbit. Ind Crops Prod 83:48–54

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mu R, Wang X, Liu S, Yuan X, Wang S, Fan Z (2007) Rapid determination of volatile compounds in Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem. by MAE-HS-SPME followed by GC-MS. Chromatographia 65:463–467

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15:473–497

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Navarro QR, Correa DO, Behling A, Noseda MD, Amano E, Suzuki RM, Fortes Ribas LL (2021) Efficient use of biomass and extract of the microalga Desmodesmus subspicatus (Scenedesmaceae) in asymbiotic seed germination and seedling development of the orchid Cattleya warneri. J Appl Phycol 33:2189–2207

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oh TJ, Cullis MA, Kunert K, Engelborghs I, Swennen R, Cullis CA (2007) Genomic changes associated with somaclonal variation in banana (Musa spp.). Physiol Plant 129:766–774

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pacurar DI, Perrone I, Bellini C (2014) Auxin is a central player in the hormone cross-talks that control adventitious rooting. Physiol Plant 151:83–96

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pernisova M, Grochova M, Konecny T, Plackova L, Harustiakova D, Kakimoto T, Heisler MG, Novak O, Hejatko J (2018) Cytokinin signalling regulates organ identity via the AHK4 receptor in Arabidopsis. Development 145(14):163907

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qin MA, Kanren DAI, Lifen D, Tianru WEI (2006) Propagation of Toona sinensis by tissue culture technology. J Northw For Coll 21:106–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Rathinapriya P, Satish L, Rameshkumar R, Pandian S, Rency AS, Ramesh M (2019) Role of activated charcoal and amino acids in developing an efficient regeneration system for foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.) using leaf base segments. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 25:533–548

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ren L, Wan W, Xie Y, Chen B, Wang G, Yin D, Su X, Cao X (2021) Identification of volatile aroma compounds of Toona sinensis (A. Juss) Roem buds and investigation of genes expression profiles confering aroma production. Pak J Bot 53:1459–1464

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savita, Bhagat A, Pati PK, Virk GS, Nagpal A (2012) An efficient micropropagation protocol for Citrus jambhiri Lush. and assessment of clonal fidelity employing anatomical studies and RAPD markers. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 48:512–520

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma U, Kataria V, Shekhawat NS (2017) In vitro propagation, ex vitro rooting and leaf micromorphology of Bauhinia racemosa Lam.: a leguminous tree with medicinal values. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 23:969–977

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shi Y, Liu T, Han Y, Zhu X, Zhao X, Ma X, Jiang D, Zhang QJFC (2017) An efficient method for decoloration of polysaccharides from the sprouts of Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem by anion exchange macroporous resins. Food Chem 217:461–468

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shu W, Zhou H, Jiang C, Zhao S, Wang L, Li Q, Yang Z, Groover A, Lu M-Z (2019) The auxin receptor TIR1 homolog (PagFBL 1) regulates adventitious rooting through interactions with Aux/IAA28 in Populus. Plant Biotechnol J 17:338–349

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh ND, Sahoo L, Sarin NB, Jaiwal PK (2003) The effect of TDZ on organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp). Plant Sci 164:341–347

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steffens B, Rasmussen A (2016) The physiology of adventitious roots. Plant Physiol 170:603–617

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens ME, Pijut PM (2017) Origin of adventitious roots in black walnut (Juglans nigra) softwood cuttings rooted under optimized conditions in a fog chamber. New Forest 48:685–697

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Su Y-H, Liu Y-B, Zhang X-S (2011) Auxin-cytokinin interaction regulates meristem development. Mol Plant 4:616–625

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Su S, Wang L, Ni J, Geng Y, Xu X (2020) Diversity of red, green and black cultivars of Chinese Toon Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem: anthocyanins, flavonols and antioxidant activity. J Food Meas Charact 14:3206–3215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun Q, Sun M, Sun H, Bell RL, Li L, Zhang W, Tao J (2016a) Comparative organogenic response of six clonal apple rootstock cultivars. HortScience 51:272–278

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun XX, Zhang LT, Cao YQ, Gu QY, Yang H, Tam JP (2016b) Quantitative analysis and comparison of four major flavonol glycosides in the leaves of Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roemer (Chinese Toon) from various origins by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector and hierarchical clustering analysis. Pharmacogn Mag 12:S270–S276

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sun Q, Sun H, Bell RL, Guan Q (2018) Plant regeneration from in vitro leaf explants of Prunus pseudocerasus Lindl. Prop Ornam Plants 18:3–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Susanthi, Sparjan B, Ramajayam D, Biology M (2019) Effect of activated charcoal, culture media and plant growth regulators on in vitro germination and development of elite dura oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Zygotic embryos. J Plant Cell Biotechnology 20:314–323

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas TD (2008) The role of activated charcoal in plant tissue culture. Biotechnol Adv 26:618–631

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vidoz ML, Loreti E, Mensuali A, Alpi A, Perata P (2010) Hormonal interplay during adventitious root formation in flooded tomato plants. Plant J 63:551–562

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vijendra PD, Jayanna SG, Kumar V, Gajula H, Rajashekar J, Sannabommaji T, Basappa G, Anuradha CM (2017) Rapid in vitro propagation of Lucas aspera Spreng. A potential multipurpose Indian medicinal herb. Ind Crops Prod 107:281–287

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang R, Liu D, Liu X, Liu F, Xuan L, Tang Y, Li W (2021) Cytotoxicity and polyol pathway inhibitory activities of chemical constituents isolated from the pericarp of Toona sinensis. Nat Prod Res 36:1593–1598

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wei Z, Chao L, You LJ, Xiong F, Chen YS, Luo YQJJoFF (2014) Structural identification of compounds from Toona sinensis leaves with antioxidant and anticancer activities. J Funct Foods 10:427–435

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wybouw B, De Rybel B (2019) Cytokinin: a developing story. Trends Plant Sci 24:177–185

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xie X, Xu K, Xie M, Zhu Y (2015) Optimization of rapid micropropagation system of apple meristem-tip culture. Plant Physiol J 51:2152–2156

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang W, Cadwallader KR, Liu Y, Huang M, Sun B (2019) Characterization of typical potent odorantsin raw and cooked Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) M. Roem. by instrumental-sensory analysis techniques. Food Chem 282:153–163

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang H-L, Kuo Y-T, Gowrisankar YV, Lin K-Y, Hsu L-S, Huang P-J, Lin H-C, Hseu Y-C (2020) The leaf extracts of Toona sinensis and fermented culture broths of Antrodia camphorata synergistically cause apoptotic cell death in promyelocytic leukemia cells. Integr Cancer Ther 19:1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yousheng C, Sziklai O (1985) Preliminary-study on the germination of Toona-sinenesus (Juss, A.) Roem seed from 11 Chinese provenances. For Ecol Manage 10:269–281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu WJ, Chang CC, Kuo TF, Tsai TC, Chang SJ (2012) Toona sinensis Roem leaf extracts improve antioxidant activity in the liver of rats under oxidative stress. Food Chem Toxicol 50:1860–1865

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W, Li C, You LJ, Fu X, Chen YS, Luo YQ (2014) Structural identification of compounds from Toona sinensis leaves with antioxidant and anticancer activities. J Funct Foods 10:427–435

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang T-Q, Lian H, Tang H, Dolezal K, Zhou C-M, Yu S, Chen J-H, Chen Q, Liu H, Ljung K, Wang J-W (2015) An intrinsic microRNA timer regulates progressive decline in shoot regenerative capacity in plants. Plant Cell 27:349–360

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The study was financially supported by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS (Grant No. 2021447), Chinese Academy of Sciences-Henan Province Achievement transfer and Transformation Project (2020205 and 2021P02), the Grant of the President Foundation of Hefei Institutes of Physical Science of Chinese Academy of Sciences (YZJJZX202013), and the Strategic Biological Resources Planning Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KFJ-BRP-007-014). The authors are thankful to Dr. Xiaoping Xu for his kind help in manuscript revision.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Center for Ion Beam Bioengineering & Green Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering and Bioenergy Forest Research Center of State Forestry Administration, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People’s Republic of China

    Jinyan Hou, Dacheng Wang, Pengfei Su, Shuangshuang Ding & Lifang Wu

  2. School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, People’s Republic of China

    Dacheng Wang, Pengfei Su, Shuangshuang Ding & Lifang Wu

Authors
  1. Jinyan Hou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dacheng Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Pengfei Su
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Shuangshuang Ding
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Lifang Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

HJY Methodology, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing-original draft, Writing—review & editing. WDC. Visualization, Formal analysis. SPF Investigation, Supervision. DSS Resources. WLF Project administration, Writing—review & editing, Conceptualization.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lifang Wu.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

Authors do not have any conflict of interests.

Additional information

Communicated by Paloma Moncaleán.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hou, J., Wang, D., Su, P. et al. In vitro large-scale propagation and genetic fidelity of Toona sinensis (Juss.) M.Roem., an economically important vegetable tree. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 151, 275–291 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-022-02351-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-022-02351-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation