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Shock Induced Strong Substorms and Super Substorms: Preconditions and Associated Oxygen Ion Dynamics

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Abstract

It is well known that the interaction between interplanetary (IP) shocks and the Earth’s magnetosphere would generate/excite various types of geomagnetic phenomena. Progresses have been made on the Earth’s magnetospheric response to solar wind forcing in recent years in the aspects associated with magnetospheric substorms. Strong substorms and super substorms could be triggered externally by sudden changes of solar wind dynamic pressures. When a strong substorms (AE > 1000 nT) or super substorms (AE > 2000 nT) occurs, singly charged oxygen ions escaped from the Earth’s ionosphere are found to be a dominated ion population in the magnetotail and in the inner magnetosphere—ring current region. The products of a strong substorms or super substorms- plasmoid, burst bulk flows are also found to contain significant oxygen ions, even substorm injections can be dominated by oxygen ions. Thus, the magnetospheric dynamic must consider the contributions from the heavy oxygen ions. Also, the IP shock induced super substorms associated electromagnetic pulses (dB/dt) would shift the energetic particle (injections) inward and accelerate existing population significantly.

Extensive attempts have also been made to understand how the solar wind energy couples with the magnetosphere to excite magnetospheric substorms. The statistical analysis shows that strong substorms (AE > 1000 nT) and super substorms (AE > 2000 nT) triggered by interplanetary shocks are most likely to occur under the southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and fast solar wind pre-conditions. In addition, strong substorms after the IP shock arrival are more likely to occur when IMF points toward (away from) the Sun around spring (autumn) equinox, which can be ascribed to the Russell-McPherron effect. Thus, the southward IMF precondition of an interplanetary shock and the Russell-McPherron effect can be considered as precursors of a strong substorm and/or super substorm triggered by IP shocks. Moreover, the average duration of CME sheath region which is just behind the interplanetary shock are found to be about 7 hours. This indicates that southward IMF compressed by shock could last at least 7 hours long in the downstream of the interplanetary shock (sheath region) if a southward IMF pre-condition is present, which explains why the largest substorm often occur in the CME sheath.

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Acknowledgements

The study was supported by research grant of NSFC Grant Numbers: 41731068, 41904145, 41421003, 41974191, 41627805 and China National Space Administration project D020301 and D020303. We are delighted to acknowledge to Cluster, Double Star, Van Allan Probes, THEMIS and MMS mission for providing the most amazing observations and data sets. The important and fruitful scientific collaborations that we enjoyed are with our talented students Y.X. Hao, Y. Liu, Z.Y. Liu, J. Ren, X.R. Chen, L. Li, X.H. Ma and Y.F. Zhu of Peking University.

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  1. Institute of Space Physics and Applied Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China

    Q.-G. Zong, C. Yue & S.-Y. Fu

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Zong, QG., Yue, C. & Fu, SY. Shock Induced Strong Substorms and Super Substorms: Preconditions and Associated Oxygen Ion Dynamics. Space Sci Rev 217, 33 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-021-00806-x

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