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Loss and Fractionation of Noble Gas Isotopes and Moderately Volatile Elements from Planetary Embryos and Early Venus, Earth and Mars

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Abstract

Here we discuss the current state of knowledge on how atmospheric escape processes can fractionate noble gas isotopes and moderately volatile rock-forming elements that populate primordial atmospheres, magma ocean related environments, and catastrophically outgassed steam atmospheres. Variations of isotopes and volatile elements in different planetary reservoirs keep information about atmospheric escape, composition and even the source of accreting material. We summarize our knowledge on atmospheric isotope ratios and discuss the latest evidence that proto-Venus and Earth captured small H2-dominated primordial atmospheres that were lost by hydrodynamic escape during and after the disk dispersed. All relevant thermal and non-thermal atmospheric escape processes that can fractionate various isotopes and volatile elements are discussed. Erosion of early atmospheres, crust and mantle by large planetary impactors are also addressed. Further, we discuss how moderately volatile elements such as the radioactive heat producing element 40K and other rock-forming elements such as Na can also be outgassed and lost from magma oceans that originate on large planetary embryos and accreting planets. Outgassed elements escape from planetary embryos with masses that are \(\leq M_{\mathrm{Moon}}\) directly, or due to hydrodynamic drag of escaping H atoms originating from primordial- or steam atmospheres at more massive embryos. We discuss how these processes affect the final elemental composition and ratios such as K/U, Fe/Mg of early planets and their building blocks. Finally, we review modeling efforts that constrain the early evolution of Venus, Earth and Mars by reproducing their measured present day atmospheric 36Ar/38Ar, 20Ne/22Ne, noble gas isotope ratios and the role of isotopes on the loss of water and its connection to the redox state on early Mars.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge support by the Austrian Fonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, Nationales Forschungs Netzwerk (FWF NFN) project S116-N16 and the subprojects S11603-N16, S11604-N16, S11606-N16, S11607-N16 and S11608-N16. H. Lammer, M. Leitzinger and P. Odert acknowledge support of the FWF projects P27256-N27 and P30949-N36. M. Benedikt and H. Lammer acknowledge support from the Austrian Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft (FFG) project RASEN. L. Fossati acknowledge also the FFG project “TAPAS4CHEOPS” P853993. H. Kurokawa acknowledges support from JSPS KAKENHI Grant 17H01175, 17H06457, 18K13602, 19H01960, and 19H05072. Finally, we thank an anonymous referee for very valuable and important suggestions that helped to improve the manuscript.

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  1. Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstr. 6, 8042, Graz, Austria

    Helmut Lammer, Manuel Scherf, Markus Benedikt, Luca Fossati & Kristina G. Kislyakova

  2. Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan

    Hiroyuki Kurokawa

  3. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan

    Yuichiro Ueno

  4. Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Türkenschanzstrasse 17, 1180, Vienna, Austria

    Christoph Burger, Thomas Maindl, Colin P. Johnstone & Kristina G. Kislyakova

  5. Institute of Physcis/IGAM, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 5/II, 8010, Graz, Austria

    Martin Leizinger, Markus Benedikt & Petra Odert

  6. Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Geéochemiques, UMR CNRS - Université de Lorraine, 15 Rue Notre Dame des Pauvres BP 20, 54501, Vandoeuvre-lés-Nacy, France

    Bernard Marty

  7. Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France

    Guillaume Avice

  8. Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA

    Bruce Fegley

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Lammer, H., Scherf, M., Kurokawa, H. et al. Loss and Fractionation of Noble Gas Isotopes and Moderately Volatile Elements from Planetary Embryos and Early Venus, Earth and Mars. Space Sci Rev 216, 74 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00701-x

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