Abstract
Faraday rotation towards polarised pulsars and extragalactic sources is the best observable for determining the configuration of the magnetic field of the Galaxy in its plane and also at high latitudes. The Galactic magnetic field plays an important role in numerous astrophysical processes, including star formation and propagation of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays; it is also an important component in measurements of the cosmological microwave background. This review article provides a brief overview of the latest advancements in the field, from an observer’s point of view. The most recent results based on pulsar rotation measures are discussed, which show that we have begun to confidently resolve the main features of the Galactic magnetic field on kiloparsec scales, both in the Solar neighbourhood and at larger distances. As we are currently in great anticipation of polarisation observations with new, state-of-the-art telescopes and hardware, a brief overview of how much this field of research will benefit from the upcoming pulsar surveys is also given.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
E. Barr, in Radio Pulsars: an astrophysical key to unlock the secrets of the Universe, ed. by M. Burgay, N. D’Amico, P. Esposito, A. Pellizzoni, A. Possenti. American Institute of Physics Conference Series, The Northern-sky High Time Resolution Universe Pulsar Survey, vol. 1357 (AIP, New York, 2011), p. 52
N. Bartel, M.F. Bietenholz, Adv. Space Res. 35, 1057 (2005)
E. Battaner, E. Florido, Astron. Nachr. 328, 92 (2007)
R. Beck, Astron. Astrophys. 470, 539 (2007)
R. Beck, Space Sci. Rev. (2011). doi:10.1007/s11214-011-9782-z
R. Beck, A. Brandenburg, D. Moss, A. Shukurov, D. Sokoloff, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 34, 155 (1996)
R. Beck, A. Shukurov, D. Sokoloff, R. Wielebinski, Astron. Astrophys. 411, 99 (2003)
E.M. Berkhuijsen, P. Müller, Astron. Astrophys. 490, 179 (2008)
E.M. Berkhuijsen, D. Mitra, P. Mueller, Astron. Nachr. 327, 82 (2006)
K. Beuermann, G. Kanbach, E.M. Berkhuijsen, Astron. Astrophys. 153, 17 (1985)
J. Bland-Hawthorn, M. Cohen, Astrophys. J. 582, 246 (2003)
A. Boulares, D.P. Cox, Astrophys. J. 365, 544 (1990)
K. Bowers, H. Li, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 035002 (2007)
M.A. Brentjens, A.G. de Bruyn, Astron. Astrophys. 441, 1217 (2005)
J.C. Brown, A.R. Taylor, B.J. Jackel, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 145, 213 (2003)
J.C. Brown, M. Haverkorn, B.M. Gaensler, A.R. Taylor, N.S. Bizunok, N.M. McClure-Griffiths, J.M. Dickey, A.J. Green, Astrophys. J. 663, 258 (2007)
E. Carretti, B. Gaensler, L. Staveley-Smith, M. Haverkorn, M. Kesteven, S. Cortiglioni, G. Bernardi, S. Poppi, in ATNF Proposal P560, Semester: April, 2009 S-band Polarization All Sky Survey (S-PASS) (2009a), p. 2265
E. Carretti, M. Haverkorn, D. McConnell, G. Bernardi, S. Cortiglioni, N.M. McClure-Griffiths, S. Poppi, in Magnetic Fields in the Universe II: From Laboratory and Stars to the Primordial Universe, ed. by A. Esquivel, J. Franco, G. García-Segura, E.M. de Gouveia Dal Pino, A. Lazarian, S. Lizano, A. Raga. Serie de Conferencias, PGMS: to Study the Galactic Magnetism Out of the Galactic Plane, vol. 36 (Revista Mexicana de Astronomia y Astrofisica, Mexico, 2009b), p. 9
J.M. Cordes, T.J.W. Lazio, astro-ph/0207156 (2002)
D.P. Cox, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 43, 337 (2005)
R.M. Crocker, D.I. Jones, F. Melia, J. Ott, R.J. Protheroe, Nature 463, 65 (2010)
A.G. de Bruyn, P. Katgert, M. Haverkorn, D.H.F.M. Schnitzeler, Astron. Nachr. 327, 487 (2006)
A.T. Deller, S.J. Tingay, M. Bailes, J.E. Reynolds, Astrophys. J. 701, 1243 (2009)
J.S. Deneva, J.M. Cordes, T.J.W. Lazio, Astrophys. J. 702, L177 (2009)
M. Farge, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 24, 395 (1992)
K. Ferrière, in Astrophysical Dynamics: from Stars to Galaxies, ed. by N. Brummell, A.S. Brun, M.S. Miesch, Y. Ponty. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, The Interstellar Magnetic Field Near the Galactic Center, vol. 271 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2011), p. 170
V.L. Fish, M.J. Reid, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 164, 99 (2006)
V.L. Fish, M.J. Reid, A.L. Argon, K.M. Menten, Astrophys. J. 596, 328 (2003)
A. Fletcher, R. Beck, A. Shukurov, E.M. Berkhuijsen, C. Horellou, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 412, 2396 (2011)
P. Fosalba, A. Lazarian, S. Prunet, J.A. Tauber, Astrophys. J. 564, 762 (2002)
P. Frick, R. Stepanov, A. Shukurov, D. Sokoloff, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 325, 649 (2001)
P. Frick, D. Sokoloff, R. Stepanov, R. Beck, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 401, L24 (2010)
P. Frick, D. Sokoloff, R. Stepanov, R. Beck, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 414, 2540 (2011)
B.M. Gaensler, J.M. Dickey, N.M. McClure-Griffiths, A.J. Green, M.H. Wieringa, R.F. Haynes, Astrophys. J. 549, 959 (2001)
B.M. Gaensler, G.J. Madsen, S. Chatterjee, S.A. Mao, Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust. 25, 184 (2008)
D.M. Gould, A.G. Lyne, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 301, 235 (1998)
A. Grossman, J. Morlet, SIAM J. Math. Anal. 15, 723 (1984)
J.L. Han, Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 278, 181 (2001)
J.L. Han, in The Magnetized Interstellar Medium, ed. by B. Uyaniker, W. Reich, R. Wielebinski. The Large-Scale Magnetic Field Structure of Our Galaxy: Efficiently Deduced from Pulsar Rotation Measures, vol. 1 (Copernicus GmbH, Katlenburg-Lindau, 2004), p. 3
J.L. Han, in Astrophysical Masers and Their Environments, ed. by J.M. Chapman, W.A. Baan. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, Magnetic Fields in Our Galaxy on Large and Small Scales, vol. 242 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007), p. 55
J.L. Han, G.J. Qiao, Astron. Astrophys. 288, 759 (1994)
J.L. Han, J.S. Zhang, Astron. Astrophys. 464, 609 (2007)
J.L. Han, R.N. Manchester, E.M. Berkhuijsen, R. Beck, Astron. Astrophys. 322, 98 (1997)
J.L. Han, R.N. Manchester, A.G. Lyne, G.J. Qiao, W. van Straten, Astrophys. J. 642, 868 (2006)
J.L. Han, P.B. Demorest, W. van Straten, A.G. Lyne, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 181, 557 (2009)
M. Hanasz, K. Otmianowska-Mazur, G. Kowal, H. Lesch, Astron. Astrophys. 498, 335 (2009)
C.G.T. Haslam, U. Klein, C.J. Salter, H. Stoffel, W.E. Wilson, M.N. Cleary, D.J. Cooke, P. Thomasson, Astron. Astrophys. 100, 209 (1981)
C.G.T. Haslam, C.J. Salter, H. Stoffel, W.E. Wilson, Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 47, 1 (1982)
M. Haverkorn, V. Heesen, Space Sci. Rev. (2011). doi:10.1007/s11214-011-9757-0
M. Haverkorn, P. Katgert, A.G. de Bruyn, Astron. Astrophys. 356, L13 (2000)
M. Haverkorn, B.M. Gaensler, N.M. McClure-Griffiths, J.M. Dickey, A.J. Green, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 167, 230 (2006)
M. Haverkorn, J.C. Brown, B.M. Gaensler, N.M. McClure-Griffiths, Astrophys. J. 680, 362 (2008)
C. Heiles, Astrophys. J. 462, 316 (1996)
C. Heiles, Astron. J. 119, 923 (2000)
C. Heiles, R. Crutcher, in Cosmic Magnetic Fields, ed. by R. Wielebinski, R. Beck. Lecture Notes in Physics, Magnetic Fields in Diffuse HI and Molecular Clouds, vol. 664 (Springer, Berlin, 2005), p. 137
T. Hezareh, M. Houde, C. McCoey, H. Li, Astrophys. J. 720, 603 (2010)
M. Holschneider, Wavelets: An Analysis Tool (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995)
T.R. Jaffe, J.P. Leahy, A.J. Banday, S.M. Leach, S.R. Lowe, A. Wilkinson, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 401, 1013 (2010)
M. Kachelrieß, P.D. Serpico, M. Teshima, Astropart. Phys. 26, 378 (2007)
N.E. Kassim, E.J. Polisensky, T.E. Clarke, B.C. Hicks, P.C. Crane, K.P. Stewart, P.S. Ray, K.W. Weiler, L.J. Rickard, T.J.W. Lazio, W.M. Lane, A.S. Cohen, M.E. Nord, W.C. Erickson, R.A. Perley, in From Clark Lake to the Long Wavelength Array: Bill Erickson’s Radio Science, ed. by N. Kassim, M. Perez, W. Junor, P. Henning. ASP Conference Series, The Long Wavelength Array, vol. 345 (Astronomical Society of the Pacific, San Francisco, 2005), p. 392
M.J. Keith, A. Jameson, W. van Straten, M. Bailes, S. Johnston, M. Kramer, A. Possenti, S.D. Bates, N.D.R. Bhat, M. Burgay, S. Burke-Spolaor, N. D’Amico, L. Levin, P.L. McMahon, S. Milia, B.W. Stappers, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 409, 619 (2010)
M. Krause, in Magnetic Fields in the Universe II: From Laboratory and Stars to the Primordial Universe, ed. by A. Esquivel, J. Franco, G. García-Segura, E.M. de Gouveia Dal Pino, A. Lazarian, S. Lizano, A. Raga. Serie de Conferencias, Magnetic Fields and Star Formation in Spiral Galaxies, vol. 36 (Revista Mexicana de Astronomia y Astrofisica, Mexico, 2009), p. 25
T.L. Landecker, Space Sci. Rev. (2011). doi:10.1007/s11214-011-9796-6
C.J. Law, M.A. Brentjens, G. Novak, Astrophys. J. 731, 36 (2011)
H. Li, G.S. Griffin, M. Krejny, G. Novak, R.F. Loewenstein, M.G. Newcomb, P.G. Calisse, D.T. Chuss, Astrophys. J. 648, 340 (2006)
C.J. Lonsdale, R.J. Cappallo, M.F. Morales et al., Proc. IEEE 97, 1497 (2009)
A.G. Lyne, F.G. Smith, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 237, 533 (1989)
R.N. Manchester, Astrophys. J. 172, 43 (1972)
R.N. Manchester, Astrophys. J. 188, 637 (1974)
R.N. Manchester, A.G. Lyne, F. Camilo, J.F. Bell, V.M. Kaspi, N. D’Amico, N.P.F. McKay, F. Crawford, I.H. Stairs, A. Possenti, M. Kramer, D.C. Sheppard, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 328, 17 (2001)
R.N. Manchester, G.B. Hobbs, A. Teoh, M. Hobbs, Astron. J. 129, 1993 (2005)
S.A. Mao, B.M. Gaensler, M. Haverkorn, E.G. Zweibel, G.J. Madsen, N.M. McClure-Griffiths, A. Shukurov, P.P. Kronberg, Astrophys. J. 714, 1170 (2010)
O. Maron, J. Kijak, M. Kramer, R. Wielebinski, Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 147, 195 (2000)
N.M. McClure-Griffiths, J.M. Dickey, B.M. Gaensler, A.J. Green, M. Haverkorn, S. Strasser, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 158, 178 (2005)
H. Men, K. Ferrière, J.L. Han, Astron. Astrophys. 486, 819 (2008)
D. Mitra, R. Wielebinski, M. Kramer, A. Jessner, Astron. Astrophys. 398, 993 (2003)
D.A. Moffett, T.H. Hankins, Astrophys. J. 522, 1046 (1999)
S. Nishiyama, H. Hatano, M. Tamura, N. Matsunaga, T. Yoshikawa, T. Suenaga, J.H. Hough, K. Sugitani, T. Nagayama, D. Kato, T. Nagata, Astrophys. J. 722, L23 (2010)
T. Nota, P. Katgert, Astron. Astrophys. 513, A65 (2010)
A. Noutsos, S. Johnston, M. Kramer, A. Karastergiou, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 386, 1881 (2008)
H. Ohno, S. Shibata, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 262, 953 (1993)
L. Page, G. Hinshaw, E. Komatsu, M.R. Nolta, D.N. Spergel, C.L. Bennett, C. Barnes, R. Bean, O. Doré, J. Dunkley, M. Halpern, R.S. Hill, N. Jarosik, A. Kogut et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 170, 335 (2007)
M. Prouza, R. Šmída, Astron. Astrophys. 410, 1 (2003)
R.J. Rand, S.R. Kulkarni, Astrophys. J. 343, 760 (1989)
R.J. Rand, A.G. Lyne, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 268, 497 (1994)
J.M. Rankin, D.B. Campbell, R.B. Isaacman, R.R. Payne, Astron. Astrophys. 202, 166 (1988)
M.J. Rees, Q. J. R. Astron. Soc. 28, 197 (1987)
M.J. Rees, Astron. Nachr. 327, 395 (2006)
W. Reich, in Galactic and Intergalactic Magnetic Fields, ed. by R. Beck, R. Wielebinski, P.P. Kronberg. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, The Large-Scale Magnetic Field Structure Near the Galactic Centre, vol. 140 (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1990), p. 369
W. Reich, Astron. Astrophys. 401, 1023 (2003)
W. Reich, in Cosmic Polarization, ed. by R. Fabbri. Galactic Polarization Surveys, vol. 1 (Research Signpost, Kerala, 2006), p. 91
M.J. Reid, P.C. Myers, J.H. Bieging, Astrophys. J. 312, 830 (1987)
S. Roy, A. Pramesh Rao, R. Subrahmanyan, Astron. Nachr. Suppl. 324, 41 (2003)
A.A. Ruzmaikin, D.D. Sokolov, A.M. Shukurov, Magnetic Fields of Galaxies (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1988)
D.H.F.M. Schnitzeler, P. Katgert, A.G. de Bruyn, Astron. Astrophys. 494, 611 (2009)
S. Sharpless, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 4, 257 (1959)
A. Shukurov, in Cosmic Magnetic Fields, ed. by R. Wielebinski, R. Beck. Lecture Notes in Physics, Mesoscale Magnetic Structures in Spiral Galaxies, vol. 664 (Springer, Berlin, 2005), p. 113
B.W. Stappers, J.W.T. Hessels, A. Alexov, K. Anderson, T. Coenen, T. Hassall, A. Karastergiou, V.I. Kondratiev, M. Kramer, J. van Leeuwen, J.D. Mol, A. Noutsos, J.W. Romein, P. Weltevrede, R. Fender, R.A.M.J. Wijers et al., Astron. Astrophys. 530, A80 (2011)
R. Stepanov, P. Frick, A. Shukurov, D. Sokoloff, Astron. Astrophys. 391, 361 (2002)
R. Stepanov, T.G. Arshakian, R. Beck, P. Frick, M. Krause, Astron. Astrophys. 480, 45 (2008)
X.H. Sun, W. Reich, Astron. Astrophys. 507, 1087 (2009)
X.H. Sun, W. Reich, A. Waelkens, T.A. Enßlin, Astron. Astrophys. 477, 573 (2008)
J.H. Taylor, J.M. Cordes, Astrophys. J. 411, 674 (1993)
R.C. Thomson, A.H. Nelson, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 191, 863 (1980)
P.G. Tinyakov, I.I. Tkachev, Astropart. Phys. 18, 165 (2002)
C.L. Van Eck, J.C. Brown, J.M. Stil, K. Rae, S.A. Mao, B.M. Gaensler, A. Shukurov, A.R. Taylor, M. Haverkorn, P.P. Kronberg, N.M. McClure-Griffiths, Astrophys. J. 728, 97 (2011)
J. van Leeuwen, B.W. Stappers, Astron. Astrophys. 509, A7 (2010)
J.M. Weisberg, J.M. Cordes, B. Kuan, K.E. Devine, J.T. Green, D.C. Backer, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 150, 317 (2004)
M. Wolleben, T.L. Landecker, W. Reich, R. Wielebinski, Astron. Astrophys. 448, 411 (2006)
M. Wolleben, T.L. Landecker, G.J. Hovey, R. Messing, O.S. Davison, N.L. House, K.H.M.S. Somaratne, I. Tashev, Astron. J. 139, 1681 (2010a)
M. Wolleben, A. Fletcher, T.L. Landecker, E. Carretti, J.M. Dickey, B.M. Gaensler, M. Haverkorn, N. McClure-Griffiths, W. Reich, A.R. Taylor, Astrophys. J. 724, L48 (2010b)
F. Yusef-Zadeh, M. Morris, Astron. J. 94, 1178 (1987a)
F. Yusef-Zadeh, M. Morris, Astrophys. J. 322, 721 (1987b)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Noutsos, A. The Magnetic Field of the Milky Way from Faraday Rotation of Pulsars and Extragalactic Sources. Space Sci Rev 166, 307–324 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-011-9860-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-011-9860-2