Abstract
At 11:46 UT on 9 September 2011, the Wind spacecraft encountered an interplanetary (IP) fast-forward shock. The shock was followed almost immediately by a short-duration (∼ 35 minutes) extremely dense pulse (with a peak ∼ 94 cm−3). The pulse induced an extremely large positive impulse (SYM-H = 74 nT and Dst = 48 nT) on the ground. A close examination of other in situ parameters from Wind shows that the density pulse was associated with i) a spike in the plasma \(\upbeta\) (ratio of thermal to magnetic pressure), ii) multiple sign changes in the azimuthal component of the magnetic field (\(B_{\phi}\)), iii) a depressed magnetic field magnitude, iv) a small radial component of the magnetic field, and v) a large (> 90°) change in the suprathermal (∼ 255 eV) electron pitch angle across the density pulse. We conclude that the density pulse is associated with the heliospheric plasma sheet (HPS). The thickness of the HPS is estimated to be \({\sim}\,8.2\times10^{5}\ \mbox{km}\). The HPS density peak is about five times the value of a medium-sized density peak inside the HPS (∼ 18 cm−3) at 1 AU. Our global three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulation results (Wu et al. in J. Geophys. Res. 212, 1839, 2016) suggest that the extremely large density pulse may be the result of the compression of the HPS by an IP shock crossing or an interaction between an interplanetary shock and a corotating interaction region.
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Acknowledgements
We thank the Wind PI team and National Space Science Data Center at Goddard Space Flight Center for providing Wind plasma (SWE) and magnetic field (MFI) solar wind data ( http://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/wind ), CDAWeb at NASA/GSFC for providing the solar wind electron pitch-angle distributions, and R. Lin and S. Bale at UC Berkley. This article uses data from the Heliospheric Shock Database ( http://ipshocks.fi/ ), generated and maintained at the University of Helsinki. This study is supported partially by the Chief of Navy Research (CCW). The work of K.L. was supported by NASA NNX14AF83G grant to the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. A.V. was supported by NASA grants NNX16AH70G and NNX17AC47G.
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Earth-affecting Solar Transients
Guest Editors: Jie Zhang, Xochitl Blanco-Cano, Nariaki Nitta, and Nandita Srivastava
S.T. Wu is deceased.
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Wu, CC., Liou, K., Lepping, R.P. et al. Observation of an Extremely Large-Density Heliospheric Plasma Sheet Compressed by an Interplanetary Shock at 1 AU. Sol Phys 292, 109 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-017-1114-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-017-1114-3