Abstract
Due to a range of shortcomings of income-based measures of poverty in older people, an alternative approach is proposed to counteract those shortcomings. Hong Kong index of material deprivation aims to identify a consensus-based list of goods and services that are necessities in society and to establish that these goods and services are not available due to their lack of affordability. This paper reports on the validation of Hong Kong index of material deprivation based on an approach proposed by Townsend (Poverty in the United Kingdom, Penguin Books, London, 1979) in Hong Kong. Through a survey of 2339 older Chinese people aged 65 and older, we found that a broad consensus regarding the necessities in their daily lives exists and Hong Kong index of material deprivation is a reliable and valid measure of poverty because its reliability and validity is good and acceptable. Finally, we have shown that the overlap between the poor in terms of income and the deprived is moderate and the profiles of those who are core poor (both poor in terms of income and the deprived) are more similar to those who are deprived than those who are poor in terms of income. Hong Kong index of material deprivation index has been developed, which offers a supplementary measure of poverty other than income poor and provides future avenues for improved understandings of poverty in old age.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barnes, H., & Wright, G. (2012). Defining child poverty in South Africa using the socially perceived necessities approach. In A. Minujin & S. Nandy (Eds.), Global child poverty and well-being: Measurement, concepts, policy and action (pp. 135–154). Bristol: Policy Press.
Bartlett, A., Frew, C., & Gilroy, J. (2013). Understanding material deprivation among older people. London: Department for Work and Pensions In-house Research No 14.
Becker, G. S. (1962). Investment in human-capital: A theoretical-analysis. Journal of Political Economy, 70(5), 9–49.
Becker, G. S. (2007). Health as human capital: Synthesis and extensions. Oxford Economic Papers-New Series, 59(3), 379–410. doi:10.1093/Oep/Gpm020.
Berthoud, R., Blekesaune, M., & Hancock, R. (2009). Ageing, income and living standards: Evidence from the British Household Panel Survey. Ageing & Society, 29(7), 1105–1122.
Bradshaw, J., & Finch, N. (2003). Overlaps in dimensions of poverty. Journal of Social Policy, 32(4), 513–525.
Breheny, M., Stephens, C., Henricksen, A., Stevenson, B., Carter, K., & Alpass, F. (2016). Measuring living standards of older people using Sen’s Capability Approach: development and validation of the LSCAPE-24 (Living Standards Capabilities for Elders) and LSCAPE-6. Ageing & Society, 36(2), 307–332.
Census and Statistics Department. (2012). Hong Kong life tables 2006-2041. Hong Kong: Census and Statistics Department.
Census and Statistics Department. (2013). Hong Kong 2011 population census thematic report: Older persons. Hong Kong: Census and Statistics Department.
Census and Statistics Department. (2015). Hong Kong population projections 2015–2064. Hong Kong: Census and Statistics Department.
Chan, A. L. S., & Chou, K. L. (2016a). Immigration, living arrangement, and poverty risk for older adults in Hong Kong. International Journal of Social Welfare, 25(3), 247–258.
Chan, A. L. S., & Chou, K. L. (2016b). Poverty in old age: Evidence from Hong Kong. Ageing and Society. doi:10.1017/S0144686X16000817.
Chow, N. W. S. (1986). Measuring poverty in an affluent city: The case of Hong Kong. Asian Journal of Public Administration, 8(2), 177–194.
Commission on Poverty. (2013). Hong Kong poverty situation report 2012. Commission on Poverty. https://www.povertyrelief.gov.hk/pdf/2012_Poverty_Situation_Eng.pdf. Accessed 25 Aug 2017.
Commission on Poverty. (2015). Hong Kong poverty situation report 2014. Commission on Poverty. https://www.povertyrelief.gov.hk/pdf/poverty_report_2014_e.pdf. Accessed 25 Aug 2017.
Commission on Poverty. (2016). Hong Kong poverty situation report 2015. Commission on Poverty. https://www.povertyrelief.gov.hk/pdf/poverty_report_2015_e.pdf. Accessed 25 Aug 2017.
Department of Social Work and Social Administration. (2014). Research report on future development of retirement protection in Hong Kong—Executive summary. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong.
Dickes, P., Fusco, A., & Marlier, E. (2010). Structure of national perceptions of social needs across EU countries. Social Indicators Research, 95(1), 143–167.
Gordon, D. (2006). The concept and measurement of poverty. In C. Pantazis, D. Gordon, & R. Levitas (Eds.), Poverty and social exclusion in Britain: The millennium survey. Bristol: Policy Press.
Gordon, D., Adelman, L., Ashworth, K., Bradshaw, J., Levitas, R., Middleton, S., et al. (2000). Poverty and social exclusion in Britain. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
Gross-Manos, D. (2015). Material deprivation and social exclusion of children: Lessons from measurement attempts among children in Israel. Journal of Social Policy, 44(1), 102–125.
Halleröd, B. (1995). The truly poor: Direct and indirect consensual measurement of poverty in Sweden. Journal of European Social Policy, 5(2), 111–129.
Hurd, M. D. (1990). Research on the elderly: Economic status, retirement, and consumption and saving. Journal of Economic Literature, 28, 565–637.
Kotecha, M., Arthur, S., & Coutinho, S. (2013). Understanding the relationship between pensioner poverty and material deprivation. DWP working paper no. 827.
Lee, S. Y., & Chou, K. L. (2016). Trends in elderly poverty in Hong Kong: A decomposition analysis. Social Indicators Research, 129(2), 551–564.
Mack, J., & Lansley, S. (1985). Poor Britain. London: Allen and Unwin.
Maître, B., Nolan, B., & Whelan, C. T. (2006). Reconfiguring the measurement of deprivation and consistent poverty in Ireland. Policy research series number 58. Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute.
McKay, S. (2004). Poverty or preference: What do “consensual deprivation indicators” really measure? Fiscal Studies, 25(2), 201–223.
McKay, S. (2008). Measuring material deprivation among older people: Methodological study to revise the Family Resources Survey questions. DWP working paper no. 54, London.
McKay, S. (2010). Using the new Family Resources Survey question block to measure material deprivation among pensioners. DWP working paper no. 89, London.
Middleton, S., & Adelman, L. (2003). The poverty and social exclusion survey of Britain: implications for the assessment of social security provision for children in Europe. In J. Bradshaw (Ed.), Children and social security: International studies in social security (Vol. 8, pp. 1–34). Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing.
Mujahid, G., Pannirsalvem, J., & Doge, B. (2008). The impact of social pensions: Perceptions of Asian older persons. Bangkok: UNFPA.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2008). Growing unequal? Income distribution and poverty in OECD countries. Paris: OECD.
Pantazis, C., Gordon, D., & Levitas, R. (2006). Poverty and social exclusion in Britain. Bristol: Policy Press.
Renahy, E., Alvarado-Llano, B., Koh, M., & Quesnel-Vallee, A. (2012). Income and economic exclusion: Do they measure the same concept? International Journal for Equity in Health, 11, 4.
Ringen, S. (1988). Direct and indirect measures of poverty. Journal of Social Policy, 17(2), 351–365.
Salmond, C. E., & Crampton, P. (2012). Development of New Zealand’s deprivation index (NZDep) and its uptake as a national policy tool. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 103, 5.
Saunders, P. (2011). Down and out: Poverty and exclusion in Australia. Bristol: Policy Press.
Saunders, P., & Naidoo, Y. (2009). Poverty, deprivation and consistent poverty. The Economic Record, 85(271), 417–432.
Saunders, P., Naidoo, Y., & Griffiths, M. (2008). Towards new indicators of disadvantage: Deprivation and social exclusion in Australia. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 43(2), 175–194.
Saunders, P., & Sun, L. (2006). Poverty and hardship among the aged in urban China. Social Policy & Administration, 40(2), 138–157.
Saunders, P., Wong, H., & Wong, W. P. (2014). Deprivation and poverty in Hong Kong. Social Policy & Administration, 48(5), 556–575.
Smeeding, T. M., & Williamson, J. (2001). Income maintenance in old age: What can be learned from cross-national comparisons. Luxembourg income study working paper no.263. Center for Policy Research, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York.
Smith, T., Noble, M., Noble, S., Wright, G., McLennan, D., & Plunkett, E. (2015). The English indices of deprivation 2015: Research report (D. F. C. A. L. Government, Trans.). London.
Stephens, C., Breheny, M., & Mansvelt, J. (2015). Healthy ageing from the perspective of older people: A capability approach to resilience. Psychology & Health, 30(6), 715–731.
Swords, L., Greene, S., Boyd, E., & Kerrins, L. (2011). All you need is… measuring children’s perceptions and experiences of deprivation. Dublin: Children’s Research Centre, Trinity College.
Tai, T., & Treas, J. (2009). Does household composition explain welfare regime poverty risks for older adults and other household members? Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 64B(6), 777–787.
Townsend, P. (1979). Poverty in the United Kingdom. London: Penguin Books.
Townsend, P. (1987). Deprivation. Journal of Social Policy, 16, 22.
Ward, T. (2009). Material deprivation. In T. Ward, O. Lelkes, H. Sutherland, & I. G. Tóth (Eds.), European inequalities. Social inclusion and income distribution in the European Union (pp. 117–130). Budapest: Anderes Land.
Whelan, C. T., & Maître, B. (2007). Measuring material deprivation with EU-SILC: Lessons from the Irish Survey. European Societies, 9(2), 147–173.
Zaidi, A. (2012). Poverty and income of older people in OECD countries. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1992492.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by Research Grant Council Strategic Public Policy Research (HKIEd 7001-SPPR-11) and the Humanities and Social Sciences Prestigious Fellowship Scheme (38600214).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chou, KL., Lee, SY. Superimpose Material Deprivation Study on Poverty Old Age People in Hong Kong Study. Soc Indic Res 139, 1015–1036 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1740-z
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1740-z