Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Maternal Attachment and Television Viewing in Adolescents’ Sexual Socialization: Differential Associations Across Gender

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Sex Roles Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The present study explores whether gender and maternal attachment moderate the relationship between television viewing and adolescents’ sexual and gender stereotypical attitudes. A quantitative survey was conducted among 1,026 Belgian adolescents in a targeted sample of nine schools (Mean age = 16.3). Findings show that greater exposure to television among boys and lower maternal attachment among boys and girls is associated with more liberal and stereotypical sexual attitudes. While maternal attachment has a buffering effect on the relationship between television viewing and sexual attitudes among girls, maternal attachment has a risk-increasing effect among boys. Further research is needed to explore more fully the emergence of gender differences in the influence of maternal attachment and television viewing on adolescents’ sexual development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abbey, A. (1982). Sex differences in attributions for friendly behavior: Do males misperceive females’ friendliness? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 830–838. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.42.5.830.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, A. (1985). Adolescents’ soap opera viewing and relational perceptions. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 29, 295–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, J. P., McElhaney, K. B., Kuperminc, G. P., & Jodl, K. M. (2004). Stability and change in attachment security across adolescence. Child Development, 75, 1792–1805. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00817.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armsden, G., & Greenberg, M. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16, 427–454. doi:10.1007/BF02202939.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory of mass communications. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 121–153). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beentjes, H., Konig, R., & Krzeszewski, D. (2008). Muziekvideo’s en seksuele opvattingen: een enquête onder jongeren [Music videos and sexual attitudes: A survey among adolescents]. Tijdschrift voor Communicatiewetenschap, 36, 234–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bem, S. L. (1981). Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological Review, 88, 354–364. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.88.4.354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bischof, G., Stith, S., & Wilson, S. (1992). A comparison of the family systems of adolescent sexual offenders and nonsexual offending delinquents. Family Relations, 41, 318–323. doi:10.2307/585197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1977). The making and breaking of affectional bonds. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 201–210. doi:10.1192/bjp.130.3.201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss (Vol. 3). New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bozon, M., & Kontula, O. (1997). Initiation sexuelle et genre: Comparaison des évolutions de douze pays européens [Sexual initiation and gender: Comparison of changes in twelve European countries]. Population, 52, 1367–1400. doi:10.2307/1534632.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. D., L’Engle, K. L., Pardun, C. J., Guo, G., Kenneavy, K., & Jackson, C. (2006). Sexy media matter: Exposure to sexual content in music, movies, television, and magazines predicts black white adolescents’ sexual behavior. Pediatrics, 117, 1018–1027. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1406.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brutsaert, H. (1999). Coeducation and gender identity formation: A comparative analysis of secondary schools in Belgium. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 20, 343–353. doi:10.1080/01425699995308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buckingham, D., & Bragg, S. (2004). Young people, sex and the media. The facts of life? London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bussey, K., & Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation. Psychological Review, 106, 675–713. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.676.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. (2003). HIV/AIDS surveillance in adolescents. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/adolescents/index.htm

  • Chapin, J. R. (2000). Adolescent sex and mass media: A developmental approach. Adolescence, 35, 799–811.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Claes, M. (1998). Adolescents’ closeness with parents, siblings, and friends in three countries: Canada, Belgium, and Italy. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 27, 165–184. doi:0047-2891/98/0400-0165J15.00/0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (2001). Defining identification: A theoretical look at the identification of audiences with media characters. Mass Communication & Society, 4, 245–264. doi:10.1207/S15327825MCS0403_01.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Creatsas, G. K. (1993). Sexuality: Sexual activity and contraception during adolescence. Current Opinion in Obsterics and Gynecology, 5, 774–783.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, J. F., & Richter, A. W. (2006). Probing three-way interactions in moderated multiple regression: Development and application of a slope difference test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 917–926. doi:10.1016/S0021-9010(06)61901-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Bens, E., & de Smaele, H. (2001). The inflow of American television fiction on European broadcasting channels revisited. European Journal of Communication, 16, 51–76. doi:10.1177/0267323101016001003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Bens, E., Kelly, M., & Bakke, M. (1992). Television content: Dallasification of culture. In K. Siune & W. Truetzschler (Eds.), Dynamics of media politics (pp. 73–100). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Gaston, J. F., & Weed, S. (1996). Understanding gender differences in adolescent sexuality. Adolescence, 31, 217–230.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dittus, P. J., & Jaccard, J. (2000). Adolescents ‘perceptions of maternal disapproval of sex: Relationship to sexual outcomes. Journal of Adolescent Health, 26, 268–278. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(99)00096-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, A. B., Lawford, H., & Markiewicz, D. (2009). Attachment style with mother, father, best friend, and romantic partner during adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 19, 690–714. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2009.00617.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durham, M. G. (1999). Girls, media, and the negotiation of sexuality: a study of race, class, and gender in adolescent peer groups. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 76, 193–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eggermont, S. (2004). Television viewing, perceived similarity, and adolescents’ expectations of a romantic partner. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 48, 244–265. doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4802_5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eggermont, S. (2006). The impact of television viewing on adolescents’ sexual socialization. (Doctoral dissertation). Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.

  • Epstein, M., & Ward, L. M. (2008). “Always use protection”: Communication boys receive about sex from parents, peers and the media. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, 113–126. doi:10.1007/s10964-007-9187-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, M., & Ward, L. M. (2011). Exploring parent-adolescent communication about gender: Results from adolescent and emerging adult samples. Sex Roles, 65, 108–118. doi:10.1007/s11199-011-9975-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eyal, K., & Finnerty, K. (2009). The portrayal of sexual intercourse on television: how, who, and with what consequence? Mass Communication & Society, 12, 143–169. doi:10.1080/15205430802136713.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farrar, K., Kunkel, D., Biely, E., Eyal, K., Fandrich, R., & Donnerstein, E. (2003). Sexual messages during prime-time programming. Sexuality & Culture, 7(3), 7–37. doi:10.1007/s12119-003-1001-y.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fasula, A. M., & Miller, K. S. (2006). African-American and Hispanic adolescents’ intentions to delay first intercourse: parental communication as a buffer for sexually active peers. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38, 193–200. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.12.009.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Field, A. (2006). Discovering statistics using SPSS. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fingerson, L. (2005). Do mothers’ opinion matter in teens’ sexual activity? Journal of Family Issues, 26, 947–974. doi:10.1177/0192513X04272758.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, D. A., Hill, D. L., Grube, J. W., Bersamin, M. M., Walker, S., & Gruber, E. L. (2009). Televised sexual content and parental mediation: influences on adolescent sexuality. Media Psychology, 12, 121–147. doi:10.1080/15213260902849901.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frederickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification Theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173–206. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fromme, R. E., & Emihovich, C. (1998). Sexuality, and prevention boys will be boys: Young males’ perceptions of women. Education and Urban Society, 30, 172–188. doi:10.1177/0013124598030002003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galambos, N. L., Almeida, D. M., & Petersen, A. C. (1990). Masculinity, feminity, and sex role attitudes in early adolescence: Exploring gender intensification. Child Development, 61, 1905–1914. doi:10.2307/1130846.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (Eds.). (1992). Multivariate data analysis. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendrick, S., & Hendrick, C. (1987). Multidimensionality of sex attitudes. Journal of Sex Research, 23, 502–526. doi:10.1080/00224498709551387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huesmann, L. R. (1988). An information processing model for the development of aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 14, 13–24. doi:10.1002/1098-2337(1988)14:1<13::AID-AB2480140104>3.0.CO;2-J.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, C. B., Stockdale, M. S., & Saal, F. E. (1991). Persistence of men’s misinterpretations of friendly cues across a variety of interpersonal encounters. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 15, 463–475. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1991.tb00421.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaestle, C. E., Halpern, C. T., & Brown, J. D. (2007). Music videos, pro wrestling, and acceptance of date rape among middle school males and females: An exploratory analysis. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40, 185–187. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.08.010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalof, L. (1999). The effects of gender and music video imagery on sexual attitudes. The Journal of Social Psychology, 139, 378–385. doi:10.1080/00224549909598393.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J. L., Sorsoli, L., Colins, K., Zylbergols, B. A., Schooler, D., & Tolman, D. L. (2007). From sex to sexuality: Exposing the heterosexual script on primetime network television. Journal of Sex Research, 44, 145–157. doi:10.1080/00224490701263660.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krahé, B., Scheinberger-Olwig, R., & Kolpin, S. (2000). Ambiguous communication of sexual intentions and the prediction of sexual aggression. Sex Roles, 42, 313–337. doi:10.1023/A:1007080303569.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kunkel, D., Farrar, K. M., Eyal, K., Biely, E., & Donnerstein, E. (2007). Sexual socialization messages on entertainment television: Comparing content trends 1997–2002. Media Psychology, 9, 599–622. doi:10.1080/15213260701283210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laible, D. (2007). Attachment with parents and peers in late adolescence: Links with emotional competence and social behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 1185–1197. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.03.010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lanis, K., & Covell, K. (1995). Images of women in advertisements: Effects on attitudes related to sexual aggression. Sex Roles, 32, 639–649. doi:10.1007/BF01544216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lehr, S. T., Dilorio, C., Dudley, W. N., & Lipana, J. A. (2000). The relationship between parent- adolescent communication and safer sex behaviors in college students. Journal of Family Nursing, 6, 180–196. doi:10.1177/107484070000600206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • L’Engle, K. L., & Jackson, C. (2008). Socialization influences on early adolescents’ cognitive susceptibility and transition to sexual intercourse. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 18, 353–378. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2008.00563.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lodewijckx, E. (1987). First intercourse, contraception and first pregnancy in Flanders: Changes during the past 30 years. Journal of Biosocial Science, 19, 439–452. doi:10.1017/S0021932000017089.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lottes, I. L., & Kuriloff, P. J. (1994). Sexual socialization differences by gender, Greek membership, ethnicity and religious background. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18, 203–219. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1994.tb00451.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manning, W. D., Longmore, M. A., & Giordano, P. C. (2005). Adolescent’s involvement in non-romantic sexual activity. Social Science Research, 34, 384–407. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2004.03.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Markham, C. M., Lormand, D., Gloppen, K. M., Peskin, M. F., Flores, B., Low, B., et al. (2010). Connectedness as a predictor of sexual and reproductive health outcomes for youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46, S23–S41. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.11.214.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martino, S., Collins, R., Kanouse, D., Elliot, M., & Berry, S. (2005). Social cognitive processes mediating the relationship between exposure to television’s sexual content and adolescent’s sexual behaviour. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 914–924. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.914.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, B. C., Brenson, B., & Galbraith, K. A. (2001). Family relationships and adolescent pregnancy risk: A research synthesis. Developmental Review, 21, 1–38. doi:10.1006/drev.2000.0513.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J. N., Raymond, M. A., Mittelstaedt, J. D., & Tanner, J. F. (2002). Age and consumer socialization agent influences on adolescents’ sexual knowledge, attitudes, and behavior: Implications for social marketing initiatives and public policy. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 21, 37–52. doi:10.1509/jppm.21.1.37.17612.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2006). Adolescents’ exposure to sexually explicit material on the internet. Communication Research, 33, 178–204. doi:10.1177/0093650205285369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2010). Processes underlying the effects of adolescents’ use of sexually explicit internet material: The role of perceived realism. Communication Research, 37, 375–399. doi:10.1177/0093650210362464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reiss, I. A. (1956). The double standard in premarital sexual intercourse: A neglected concept. Social Forces, 34, 224–230. doi:10.2307/2574041.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivadeneyra, R., & Lebo, M. J. (2008). The association between television-viewing behaviors and adolescent dating role attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Adolescence, 31, 291–305. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.06.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, D., Moore, S., & Flynn, I. (1991). Adolescent self-efficacy, self-esteem and sexual-risk taking. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 1, 77–88. doi:10.1002/casp.2450010203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schoentjes, E., Deboutte, D., & Friedrich, W. (1999). Child sexual behavior inventory: A Dutch-speaking normative sample. Pediatrics, 104, 885–893. doi:10.1542/peds.104.4.885.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schooler, D., Sorsoli, C. L., Kim, J. L., & Tolman, D. L. (2009). Beyond exposure: A person-oriented approach to adolescent media diets. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 19, 484–508. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2009.00604.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sensoa. (2011). Seksualiteit, ontwikkeling en adolescenten [Sexuality, development and adolescence]. Retrieved from http://www.sensoa.be/1_1_1_2.php.

  • Serbin, L., Powlishta, K. K., Gulko, J., Martin, C. L., & Lockheed, M. E. (1993). The development of sex typing in middle childhood. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 58(2), 1–95. doi:10.2307/1166118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sigal, J., Gibbs, M., Adams, B., & Derfler, R. (1988). The effect of romantic and non-romantic films on perception of female friendly and seductive behavior. Sex Roles, 19, 545–554. doi:10.1007/BF00289734.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smirles, K. E. (2004). Attributions of responsibility in cases of sexual harassment: The person and the situation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 342–365. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02551.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snell, W. E., Jr. (1998). The Stereotypes about Male Sexuality Scale. In C. M. Davis, W. L. Yarber, R. Baurerman, G. Schreer, & S. L. Davis (Eds.), Handbook of sexuality-related measures: A compendium (2nd ed., pp. 463–465). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strouse, J. S., Buerkel-Rothfuss, N., & Long, E. C. J. (1995). Gender and family as moderators of the relationship between music video exposure and adolescent sexual permissiveness. Adolescence, 30, 505–520.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taris, T. W., & Semin, G. R. (1998). How mother’s parenting styles affect their children’s sexual efficacy and experience. The Journal of Generic Psychology, 159, 68–81. doi:10.1080/00221329809596135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tolman, D. L., Striepe, M. I., & Harmon, T. (2003). Gender matters: Constructing a model of adolescent sexual health. Journal of Sex Research, 40, 4–12. doi:10.1080/00224490309552162.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vervloessem, D., Vandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2011, March). Sexual acts and sexual suggestions on music channels: A content analysis. Master seminar on design and implementation of codebooks for qualitative and quantitative content analysis, Brussels.

  • Ward, L. M. (1995). Talking about sex: Common themes about sexuality in the prime-time television programs children and adolescents view most. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24, 595–615. doi:10.1007/BF01537058.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, L. M. (2003). Understanding the role of entertainment media in the sexual socialization of American youth: a review of empirical research. Developmental Review, 23, 347–388. doi:10.1016/S0273-2297(03)00013-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, L. M., & Friedman, K. (2006). Using TV as a guide: Associations between television viewing and adolescents’ sexual attitudes and behavior. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 161, 133–156. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2006.00125.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, L. M., & Rivadeneyra, R. (1999). Contributions of entertainment television to adolescents’ sexual attitudes and expectations: The role of viewing amount versus viewer involvement. Journal of Sex Research, 36, 237–249. doi:10.1080/00224499909551994.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, T., Hudson, S. M., Johnston, L., & Marshall, W. L. (1997). Cognitive distortions in sex offenders: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 17, 479–507. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(97)81034-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinstock, H., Berman, S., & Cates, W. (2004). Sexually transmitted diseases among American youth: Incidence and prevalence estimates. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 36, 6–10. doi:10.1363/3600604.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Y., Miller, L. E., & Harrison, K. (2008). The relationship between exposure to sexual music videos and young adults’ sexual attitudes. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 52, 368–386. doi:10.1080/08838150802205462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zurbriggen, E. L., & Morgan, E. M. (2006). Who wants to marry a millionaire? Reality dating television programs, attitudes toward sex, and sexual behaviors. Sex Roles, 54, 1–17. doi:10.1007/s11199-005-8865-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Steven Eggermont.

Additional information

Laura Vandenbosch is a doctoral candidate of the Flemish Fund for Scientific Research (FWO).

Appendix

Appendix

English Translation of Scales and Index Items Used

Scale measuring recreational attitudes toward sex.

  1. 1.

    I do not need to be committed to a person to have sex with him/her

  2. 2.

    It’s OK to have ongoing sexual relationships with more than one person at a time

  3. 3.

    It is possible to enjoy sex with a person and not like that person very much

Scale measuring gender stereotypical attitude.

  1. 1.

    Boys are always in the mood for sex.

  2. 2.

    A man never really wants “only” a hug or caress

  3. 3.

    Most boys yearn for spontaneous sex, no strings attached

  4. 4.

    Most boys are in a state of constant desire

  5. 5.

    A satisfying sexual experience for a man does not really require much talking beforehand

  6. 6.

    Boys can force girls to have sex

  7. 7.

    Girls only want real macho guys

  8. 8.

    A real man can get every girl he wants

  9. 9.

    Girls like boys with whom they can have a good conversation

Overall amount of television viewing.

figure a

Scale measuring maternal attachment.

  1. 1.

    My mother respects my feeling

  2. 2.

    I feel my mother does a good job as my mother

  3. 3.

    I wish I had a different mother

  4. 4.

    My mother accepts me as I am

  5. 5.

    I like to get my mother’s point of view on things I’m concerned about

  6. 6.

    I feel it’s no use letting my feelings show around my mother

  7. 7.

    My mother can tell when I’m upset about something

  8. 8.

    Talking over my problems with my mother makes me feel ashamed or foolish

  9. 9.

    My mother expects too much from me

  10. 10.

    I get upset easily around my mother

  11. 11.

    I get upset a lot more than my mother knows about

  12. 12.

    When we discuss things, my mother cares about my point of view

  13. 13.

    My mother trusts my judgment

  14. 14.

    My mother has her own problems, so I don’t bother her with mine

  15. 15.

    My mother helps me to understand myself better

  16. 16.

    I tell my mother about my problems and troubles

  17. 17.

    I feel angry with my mother

  18. 18.

    I don’t get much attention from my mother

  19. 19.

    My mother helps me to talk about my difficulties

  20. 20.

    My mother understands me

  21. 21.

    When I am angry about something, my mother tries to be understanding

  22. 22.

    I trust my mother

  23. 23.

    My mother doesn’t understand what I’m going through these days

  24. 24.

    I can count on my mother when I need to get something off my chest

  25. 25.

    If my mother knows something is bothering me, she asks me about it

Original Language for All Items of the Questionnaire

Scale measuring recreational attitudes toward sex.

  1. 1.

    Gewone seks zonder in een relatie te zitten is perfect aanvaardbaar

  2. 2.

    Het is geen problem om met iemand seks te hebben terwijl je nog met iemand anders een relatie hebt

  3. 3.

    Van seks genieten zonder die persoon echt graag te hebben, kan volgens mij

Scale measuring gender stereotypical attitude.

  1. 1.

    Jongens hebben altijd zin in seks

  2. 2.

    Een man wil eigenlijk nooit alleen maar een knuffel of kus, hij wil altijd meer

  3. 3.

    De meeste jongens smachten naar pure, spontane seks zonder veel emotionele betrokkenheid

  4. 4.

    De meeste jongens zijn altijd bereid om seks te hebben

  5. 5.

    Voor een man hoeft er op voorhand niet veel gepraat te worden voor goede seks

  6. 6.

    Jongens mogen meisjes een beetje dwingen om seks te hebben

  7. 7.

    Meisjes willen alleen echte macho’s

  8. 8.

    Een echte man kan elk meisje in zijn bed krijgen

  9. 9.

    Meisjes hebben graag dat je met een jongens goed kan praten.

Overall amount of television viewing.

figure b

Scale measuring maternal attachment.

  1. 1.

    Mijn moeder respecteert wat ik voel

  2. 2.

    Ik vind mijn moeder een goede moeder

  3. 3.

    Ik wou dat ik een andere moeder had

  4. 4.

    Mijn moeder neemt me zoals ik ben

  5. 5.

    Ik wil weten wat mijn moeder denkt van dingen waarover ik me zorgen maak

  6. 6.

    Het heeft geen zin dat ik mijn gevoelens toon in het bijzijn van mijn moeder

  7. 7.

    Mijn moeder ziet het als ik me wat in de war voel

  8. 8.

    Als ik met mijn moeder over problemen praat, voel ik me belachelijk of beschaamd

  9. 9.

    Mijn moeder verwacht te veel van mij

  10. 10.

    Als mijn moeder in de buurt is, raak ik gemakkelijk over mijn toeren

  11. 11.

    Ik raak vaker over mijn toeren dan dat mijn moeder weet

  12. 12.

    Als wij over iets babbelen, is mijn moeder geïnteresseerd in mijn standpunt

  13. 13.

    Mijn moeder vertrouwt op mijn inschatting van sommige dingen

  14. 14.

    Mijn moeder heeft haar eigen problemen, dus ik val haar niet lastig met mijn problemen

  15. 15.

    Dankzij mijn moeder begrijp ik beter hoe ikzelf in elkaar zit

  16. 16.

    Ik vertel mijn moeder mijn problemen en zorgen

  17. 17.

    Ik ben kwaad op mijn moeder

  18. 18.

    Ik krijg niet veel aandacht van mijn moeder

  19. 19.

    Mijn moeder steunt me om te praten over mijn problemen

  20. 20.

    Mijn moeder begrijpt me

  21. 21.

    Als ik over iets kwaad ben, probeert mijn moeder begripvol te zijn

  22. 22.

    Ik vertrouw mijn moeder

  23. 23.

    Mijn moeder begrijpt wat ik nu meemaak

  24. 24.

    Ik kan op mijn moeder rekenen als ik mijn hart eens wil luchten

  25. 25.

    Als mijn moeder merkt dat iets me dwarszit, vraagt ze me wat er scheelt

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Vandenbosch, L., Eggermont, S. Maternal Attachment and Television Viewing in Adolescents’ Sexual Socialization: Differential Associations Across Gender. Sex Roles 66, 38–52 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-0075-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-0075-5

Keywords

Navigation