Skip to main content
Log in

When Declaring “I am a Feminist” Matters: Labeling is Linked to Activism

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Sex Roles Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Being a feminist has been operationalized as a label (linked with activism), beliefs (associated with personal and interpersonal outcomes), and their combination. Using an internet survey completed by 220 American mid-western college women, we explored the unique and combined impact of feminist self-labeling with feminist beliefs on women’s well-being, egalitarianism, and activism. Self-labeling was most clearly defined as a binary declaration of being a feminist or not, which alone was related to increased feminist activism above and beyond the impact of feminist beliefs. Furthermore, self-labeling, unlike feminist beliefs, was not related to personal well-being or interpersonal egalitarianism. Our findings confirm the exclusive and singular importance of self-labeling for enhanced feminist action.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bargad, A., & Hyde, J. S. (1991). Women’s studies: A study of feminist identity development in women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 15, 181–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bay-Cheng, L. Y., & Zucker, N. (2007). Feminism between the sheets: Sexual attitudes among feminists, nonfeminists, and egalitarians. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31(2), 157–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Botkin, D. R., Weeks, M. O., & Morris, J. E. (2000). Changing marriage role expectations: 1961–1996. Sex Roles, 42, 933–942.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costanzo, E. S., & Ryff, C. D. (2009). Psychosocial adjustment among cancer survivors: Findings from a national survey of health and well-being. Health Psychology, 28, 147–156.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cowan, G., Mestlin, M., & Masek, J. (1992). Predictors of feminist self-labeling. Sex Roles, 27, 321–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deaux, K., Reid, A., Mizrahi, K., & Ethier, K. A. (1995). Parameters of social identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 280–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Downing, N., & Roush, K. (1985). From passive acceptance to active commitment: A model of feminist identity development for women. The Counseling Psychologist, 13, 695–709.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, L. E. (1999). Motivation for collective action: Group consciousness as a mediator of personality, life experiences, and women’s rights activism. Political Psychology, 20, 611–635.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, L. E. (2010). Women’s relationship to feminism: Effects of generation and feminist self-labeling. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34, 498–507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, M. S. (1960). Marriage role expectations of adolescents. Marriage and Family Living, 22, 99–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisele, H., & Stake, J. (2008). The differential relationship of feminist attitudes and feminist identity to self-efficacy. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32, 233–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fassinger, R. E. (1994). Development and testing of the attitudes toward Feminism and the Women’s Movement (FWM) scale. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18, 389–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, A. R., & Good, G. E. (1994). Gender, self, and others: Perceptions of the campus environment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 343–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, A. R., & Holz, K. B. (2010). Testing a model of women’s personal sense of justice, control, well-being, and distress in the context of sexist discrimination. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34, 297–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, A. R., Tokar, D. M., Mergl, M. M., Good, G. E., Hill, M. S., & Blum, S. A. (2000). Assessing women’s feminist identity development: Studies of convergent, discriminant, and structural validity. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, 15–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, L. A., & Rader, J. (2001). Current perspectives on women’s adult roles: Work, family, and life. In R. K. Unger (Ed.), Handbook of the psychology of women and gender (pp. 156–169). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henley, N. M., Meng, K., O’Brien, D., McCarthy, W. J., & Sockloskie, R. J. (1998). Developing a scale to measure the diversity of feminist attitudes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 22, 317–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henley, N. M., Spalding, L. R., & Kosta, A. (2000). Development of the short form of the feminist perspectives scale. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, 254–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurt, M. M., Nelson, J. A., Turner, D. L., Haines, M. E., Ramsey, L. R., Erchull, M. J., et al. (2007). Feminism: What is it good for? Feminine norms and objectification as the link between feminist identity and clinically relevant outcomes. Sex Roles, 57, 355–363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liss, M., & Erchull, M. J. (2010). Everyone feels empowered: Understanding feminist self-labeling. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34, 85–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liss, M., O’Connor, C., Morosky, E., & Crawford, M. (2001). What makes a feminist? Predictors and correlates of feminist social identity in college women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 25, 124–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liss, M., Crawford, M., & Popp, D. (2004). Predictors and correlates of collective action. Sex Roles, 50, 771–779.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moradi, B., & Subich, L. M. (2002). Feminist identity development measures: Comparing the psychometrics of three instruments. The Counseling Psychologist, 30, 66–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moradi, B., & Yoder, J. D. (in press). Current status and future directions in research on women’s experiences. In E. M. Altmaier & J. C. Hansen (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of counseling psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moradi, B., Subich, L. M., & Phillips, J. (2002). Revisiting feminist identity development theory, research, and practice. The Counseling Psychologist, 30, 6–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myaskovsky, L., & Wittig, M. A. (1997). Predictors of feminist social identity among college women. Sex Roles, 37, 861–883.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, J. A., Liss, M., Erchull, M. J., Hurt, M. M., Ramsey, L. R., Turner, D. L., et al. (2008). Identity in action: Predictors of feminist self identification and collective action. Sex Roles, 58, 721–728.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pettigrew, T. F. (1991). Toward unity and bold theory: Popperian suggestions for two persistent problems of social psychology. In C. W. Stephan, W. G. Stephan, & T. F. Pettigrew (Eds.), The future of social psychology (pp. 13–27). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rickard, K. M. (1987). Feminist identity development: Scale development and initial validation studies. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Women in Psychology, Denver, CO.

  • Rudman, L. A., & Fairchild, K. (2007). The F word: Is feminism incompatible with beauty and romance? Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31, 125–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rudman, L. A., & Phelan, E. (2007). The interpersonal power of feminism: Is feminism good for romantic relationships? Sex Roles, 57, 787–799.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069–1081.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 719–727.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schick, V. R., Zucker, A. N., & Bay-Cheng, L. Y. (2008). Safer, better sex through feminism: The role of feminist ideology in women’s sexual well-being. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32, 225–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stryker, S., & Serpe, R. T. (1994). Identity salience and psychological centrality: Equivalent, overlapping, or complementary concepts? Social Psychology Quarterly, 57, 16–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, V., & Whittier, N. (1997). The new feminist movement. In L. Richardson, V. Taylor, & N. Wittier (Eds.), Feminist Frontiers IV (pp. 544–561). New York: McGraw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valenzuela, A. (1993). Liberal gender role attitudes and academic achievement among Mexican-origin adolescents in two Houston inner-city Catholic schools. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 15, 310–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R., & Wittig, M. A. (1997). “I’m not a feminist, but...”: Factors contributing to the discrepancy between pro-feminist orientation and feminist social identity. Sex Roles, 37, 885–904.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Worell, J., & Remer, P. (2003). Feminist perspectives in therapy: Empowering diverse women (2nd ed.). Hoboken: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoder, J. D., Fischer, A. R., Kahn, A. S., & Groden, J. (2007a). Changes in students’ explanations for gender differences after taking a Psychology of Women class: More constructionist and less essentialist. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31, 415–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoder, J. D., Perry, R. L., & Saal, E. I. (2007b). What good is a feminist identity?: Women’s feminist identification and role expectations for intimate and sexual relationships. Sex Roles, 57, 365–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoder, J. D., Tobias, A., & Snell, A. (2009, August). The personal and political sides of undergraduate women’s feminist identification. Poster presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto.

  • Zucker, A. N. (2004). Disavowing social identities: What it means when women say, “I’m not a feminist, but...”. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28, 423–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Miriam Liss whose input to our paper was invaluable. Our paper was presented at the meetings of the American Psychological Association in San Diego in August 2010.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Janice D. Yoder.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Yoder, J.D., Tobias, A. & Snell, A.F. When Declaring “I am a Feminist” Matters: Labeling is Linked to Activism. Sex Roles 64, 9–18 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9890-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9890-3

Keywords

Navigation