Abstract
We study gender differences and the effects of adult’s gender, an authority gap, and an age gap on university students’ perceptions of adult-teen sexual relationships. We specifically examine: the adult’s criminality, damage to the teen’s reputation, and emotional damage to the teen. We use a sample of 2,871 students from a Southwestern university in the U.S. who judged vignettes describing an adult-teen encounter. OLS regression demonstrated that women judged the scenarios more negatively than men. Further analyses found relationships between the experimental variables and each dependent variable and interactions by respondent’s gender and among the experimental variables. Results demonstrate a sexual double standard and highlight respondent’s gender, the age gap, and the authority context for perceptions of adult-teen relationships.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aubrey, J. S. (2004). Sex and punishment: an examination of sexual consequences and the sexual double standard in teen programming. Sex Roles, 50, 505–514.
Back, S., & Lipps, H. M. (1998). Child sexual abuse: victim age, victim gender, and observer gender as factors contributing to attributions of responsibility. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22, 1239–1252.
Bay-Cheng, L. (2003). The trouble of teen sex: the construction of adolescent sexuality through school-based sexuality education. Sex Education, 3, 61–74.
Bell, S. T., Kuriloff, P. J., & Lottes, I. (1994). Understanding attributions of blame in stranger rape and date rape situations: an examination of gender, race, identification, and students’ social perceptions of rape victims. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 1719–1734.
Bornstein, B. H., Kaplan, D. L., & Perry, A. R. (2006). Child abuse in the eyes of the beholder: lay perceptions of child sexual and physical abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 31, 375–391.
Bottoms, B., Nysse-Carris, K. L., Harris, T., & Tyda, K. (2003). Jurors perceptions of adolescent sexual assault victims who have intellectual disabilities. Law and Human Behavior, 27, 205–227.
Bursik, K. (1992). Perceptions of sexual harassment in an academic context. Sex Roles, 27, 401–412.
Carpenter, L. (1998). From girls into women: scripts for sexuality and romance in Seventeen Magazine, 1974–1994. The Journal of Sex Research, 35, 158–168.
Cavanagh, S. L. (2004). Upsetting desires in the classroom: school sex scandals and the pedagogy of the femme fatale. Psychoanalysis, Culture, and Society, 9, 315–332.
Cocca, C. E. (2004). Jailbait: The politics of statutory rape laws in the United States. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Crawford, M., & Popp, D. (2003). Sexual double standards: a review and methodological critique of two decades of research. The Journal of Sex Research, 40, 13–26.
Crawford, S. D., Couper, M. P., & Lamias, M. J. (2001). Web surveys: perceptions of burden. Social Science Computer Review, 19, 146–162.
Denov, M. (2003). The myth of innocence: sexual scripts and the recognition of child sexual abuse by female perpetrators. The Journal of Sex Research, 40, 303–314.
Dollar, M., Perry, A., Fromuth, M. E., & Holt, A. (2004). Influence of gender roles on perceptions of teacher/adolescent student sexual relations. Sex Roles, 50, 91–101.
Dougherty, T., Turban, D., England, D., Dwyer, P., & Lapreze, M. W. (1996). Factors affecting perceptions of workplace sexual harassment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17, 489–501.
Duggan, L. M., Aubrey, M., Doherty, E., Isquith, P., Levine, M., & Scheiner, J. (1989). The credibility of children as witnesses in a simulated child sex abuse trial. In S. J. Ceci, D. F. Ross, & M. P. Toglia (Eds.), Perspectives on children’s testimony (pp. 71–99). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Freel, M. (2003). Child sexual abuse and the male monopoly: an empirical exploration of gender and a sexual interest in children. The British Journal of Social Work, 33, 481–498.
Fromme, R. E., & Emihovich, C. (1998). Boys will be boys: young males’ perceptions of women, sexuality, and prevention. Education and Urban Society, 30, 172–188.
Fromuth, M. E., & Holt, A. (2008). Perception of teacher sexual misconduct by age of student. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 17, 163–179.
Fromuth, M. E., Holt, A., & Parker, A. L. (2001). Factors affecting college students’ perceptions of sexual relationships between high school students and teachers. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 10, 59–73.
Gosling, S. D., Vazire, S., Srivastava, S., & John, O. P. (2004). Should we trust Web-based studies? A comparative analysis of six preconceptions about Internet questionnaires. American Psychologist, 59, 93–104.
Hetherton, J., & Beardsall, L. (1998). Decisions and attitudes concerning child sexual abuse: does the gender of the perpetrator make a difference to child protection professionals? Child Abuse & Neglect, 22, 1265–1283.
Horvath, M. A. H., & Giner-Sorolla, R. (2007). Below the age of consent: influences on moral and legal judgments of adult-adolescent sexual relationships. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37, 2980–3009.
Jonason, P. K., & Marks, M. J. (2008). Common vs. uncommon sexual acts: evidence for the sexual double standard. Sex Roles, 60, 357–365.
Kimmel, M. (2008). Guyland: The perilous world where boys become men. New York: Harper Collins.
Krahe, B., Bieneck, S., & Scheinberger-Olwig, R. (2007). Adolescents’ sexual scripts: schematic representations of consensual and nonconsensual heterosexual interactions. Journal of Sex Research, 44, 316–327.
Mark, M., & Miller, M. L. (1986). The effects of sexual permissiveness, target gender, subject gender, and attitude towards women on social perception: in search of the double standard. Sex Roles, 15, 311–322.
Marks, M., & Fraley, C. M. (2005). The sexual double standard: fact or fiction? Sex Roles, 52, 175–186.
Maynard, C., & Weiderman, M. (1998). Undergraduate students’ perceptions of child sexual abuse: effects of age, sex, and gender-role attitudes. Child Abuse & Neglect, 21, 833–844.
Measor, L. (2000). Young people’s views on sex education. New York: Routledge.
Oliveri, R. (2000). Statutory rape law and enforcement in the wake of welfare reform. Stanford Law Review, 52, 463–508.
Rogers, P., & Davies, M. (2007). Perceptions of victims and perpetrators in a depicted child sexual abuse case: gender and age factors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22, 566–584.
Simon, W., & Gagnon, J. H. (1987). A sexual scripts approach. In J. Greer & W. T. O’Donohue (Eds.), Theories of human sexuality (pp. 363–383). New York: Plenum.
Smith, H. D., Fromuth, M. E., & Morris, C. (1997). Effects of gender on perceptions of child sexual abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 6, 51–63.
Tanenbaum, L. (2000). Slut! Growing up female with a reputation. New York: Seven Stories.
Tolman, D. L. (1994). Doing desire: adolescent girls’ struggle for/with sexuality. Gender& Society, 8, 324–342.
University of Nevada, Las Vegas. (2007). Student statistics. Retrieved from: http://www.unlv.edu/about/facts.html.
Wayne, J. L. (2000). Disentangling the power bases of sexual harassment: comparing gender, age, and position power. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 11, 301–325.
Winks, P. L. (1982). Legal implications of sexual contact between teachers and students. Journal of Law and Education, 11, 437–477.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Anastasia Prokos, Kathryn Hausbeck, and Alexis Kennedy for helpful comments and suggestions on previous drafts of this manuscript. Also, Mary Ellen Fromuth deserves our gratitude for having provided copies of her research instrument.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sahl, D., Keene, J.R. The Sexual Double Standard and Gender Differences in Predictors of Perceptions of Adult-Teen Sexual Relationships. Sex Roles 62, 264–277 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9727-0
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9727-0