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Diffusion of nanotechnology knowledge in Turkey and its network structure

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Abstract

This paper aims to assess the diffusion and adoption of nanotechnology knowledge within the Turkish scientific community using social network analysis and bibliometrics. We retrieved a total of 10,062 records of nanotechnology papers authored by Turkish researchers between 2000 and 2011 from Web of Science and divided the data set into two 6-year periods. We analyzed the most prolific and collaborative authors and universities on individual, institutional and international levels based on their network properties (e.g., centrality) as well as the nanotechnology research topics studied most often by the Turkish researchers. We used co-word analysis and mapping to identify the major nanotechnology research fields in Turkey on the basis of the co-occurrence of words in the titles of papers. We found that nanotechnology research and development in Turkey is on the rise and its diffusion and adoption have increased tremendously thanks to the Turkish government’s decision a decade ago identifying nanotechnology as a strategic field and providing constant support since then. Turkish researchers tend to collaborate within their own groups or universities and the overall connectedness of the network is thus low. Their publication and collaboration patterns conform to Lotka’s law. They work mainly on nanotechnology applications in Materials Sciences, Chemistry and Physics, among others. This is commensurate, more or less, with the global trends in nanotechnology research and development.

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Notes

  1. Search on WoS was carried out on January 11, 2015.

  2. Personal communication with Prof. Ronald N. Kostoff (20 April 2012).

  3. We used the command “AD = TURKEY” that is available in WoS.

  4. Available from http://www.gpsvisualizer.com/geocoder/.

  5. http://mrvar.fdv.uni-lj.si/pajek/.

  6. http://gephi.github.io/.

  7. More detailed findings of the latent semantic analysis used in this research are reported elsewhere (Darvish 2014).

  8. The co-word analysis was conducted based on software:http://www.leydesdorff.net/software/fulltext/index.htm.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the anonymous reviewers for their detailed and constructive comments, which helped us improve the paper. Remaining errors are of course our own.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Information Management & Records, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey

    Hamid Darvish

  2. Department of Information Management, Faculty of Letters, Hacettepe University, 06800, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey

    Yaşar Tonta

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  1. Hamid Darvish
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Correspondence to Hamid Darvish.

Appendix: Query used to search Thomson Reuters’ Web of Science database

Appendix: Query used to search Thomson Reuters’ Web of Science database

In this “Appendix”, 9 queries are listed. The last one (#9) is the union of all the preceding ones.

  1. #1.

    TS = (NANOPARTICLE* OR NANOTUB* OR NANOSTRUCTURE* OR NANOCOMPOSITE* OR NANO-COMPOSITE* OR NANOWIRE* OR NANOCRYSTAL* OR NANOFIBER* OR NANOFIBRE* OR NANOSPHERE* OR NANOROD* OR NANOTECHNOLOG* OR NANOCLUSTER* OR NANOCAPSULE* OR NANOMATERIAL* OR NANOFABRICAT* OR NANOPOR* OR NANOPARTICULATE* OR NANOPHASE OR NANOPOWDER* OR NANOLITHOGRAPHY OR NANO-PARTICLE* OR NANODEVICE* OR NANODOT* OR NANOINDENT* OR NANO-INDENT* OR NANOLAYER* OR NANOSCIENCE OR NANOSIZE* OR NANO-SIZE* OR NANOSCALE* OR NANO-SCALE* OR NANOROBOT*) AND AD = (TURKEY) NOT TS = (NANOMET* OR NANO2 OR NANO3 OR NANO4 OR NANO5 OR NANOSEC* OR NANOSECOND* OR NANOMETERSCALE* OR NANOMETER LENGTH*)

  2. #2.

    TS = ((NM OR NANOMETER* OR NANOMETRE*) SAME (SURFACE* OR FILM* OR GRAIN* OR POWDER* OR SILICON OR DEPOSITION OR LAYER* OR DEVICE* OR CLUSTER* OR CRYSTAL* OR MATERIAL* OR SUBSTRATE* OR STRUCTURE* OR ROUGHNESS OR MONOLAYER* OR RESOLUTION OR PARTICLE* OR ATOMICFORCE MICROSCOP* OR TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOP* OR SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOP*)) AND AD = (TURKEY) NOT TS = (NANOMET* OR NANO2 OR NANO3 OR NANO4 OR NANO5 OR NANOSEC* OR NANOSECOND* OR NANOMETERSCALE* OR NANOMETER LENGTH*)

  3. #3.

    TS = (nano*) AND SO = ((BULK “AND” GRADED NANOMETALS OR CURRENT NANOSCIENCE OR FROM NANOPOWDERS TO FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS OR FULLERENES NANOTUBES “AND” CARBON NANOSTRUCTURES OR FULLERENES NANOTUBES “AND” CARBON NANOSTRUCTURES OR FUNCTIONAL MOLECULAR NANOSTRUCTURES OR IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NANOBIOSCIENCE OR IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NANOTECHNOLOGY OR INORGANIC POLYMERIC NANOCOMPOSITES “AND” MEMBRANES OR JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL “AND” THEORETICAL NANOSCIENCE OR JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH OR JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE “AND” NANOTECHNOLOGY OR MICROSYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES MICRO “AND” NANOSYSTEMS INFORMATION STORAGE “AND” PROCESSING SYSTEMS OR NANO LETTERS OR NANOPOROUS MATERIALS IV OR NANOTECHNOLOGY OR ON THE CONVERGENCE OF BIO INFORMATION ENVIRONMENTAL ENERGY SPACE “AND” NANO TECHNOLOGIES PTS 1 “AND” 2 OR PHYSICA E LOW DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS NANOSTRUCTURES OR PRECISION ENGINEERING JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETIES FOR PRECISION ENGINEERING “AND” NANOTECHNOLOGY OR SYNTHESIS “AND” REACTIVITY IN INORGANIC METAL ORGANIC “AND” NANO METAL CHEMISTRY OR JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY OR NANOTECHNOLOGY OR ACS NANO OR NANO LETTERS OR JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH OR NANOSCALE OR NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS OR SMALL OR PHYSICA E LOW DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS NANOSTRUCTURES OR INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE OR JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL AND THEORETICAL NANOSCIENCE OR JOURNAL OF NANOMATERIALS OR MICRO NANO LETTERS OR MICROSYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES MICRO AND NANOSYSTEMS INFORMATION STORAGE AND PROCESSING SYSTEMS OR IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NANOTECHNOLOGY OR JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY OR SYNTHESIS AND REACTIVITY IN INORGANIC METAL ORGANIC AND NANO METAL CHEMISTRY OR NANO RESEARCH OR DIGEST JOURNAL OF NANOMATERIALS AND BIOSTRUCTURES OR NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY OR NANOMEDICINE OR NANOMEDICINE NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE OR NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY LETTERS OR MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS OR PRECISION ENGINEERING JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETIES FOR PRECISION ENGINEERING AND NANOTECHNOLOGY OR CURRENT NANOSCIENCE OR JOURNAL OF NANOPHOTONICS OR NANO OR NANOTOXICOLOGY)) AND AD = (TURKEY) NOT TI = (NANOMET* OR NANO2 OR NANO3 OR NANO4 OR NANO5 OR NANOSEC* OR NANOSECOND* OR NANOMETERSCALE* OR NANOMETER LENGTH*)

  4. #4.

    TS = ((NSOM OR CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION OR CVD OR CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION OR X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY OR DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY OR X-RAY DIFFRACTION OR XRD OR SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE OR “NEAR” FIELD SCANNING OPTICAL MICROSCOP*) SAME (SURFACE* OR FILM* OR LAYER* OR SUBSTRATE* OR ROUGHNESS OR MONOLAYER* OR MOLECUL* OR STRUCTURE* OR RESOLUTION OR ETCH* OR GROW* OR SILICON OR SI OR DEPOSIT* OR PARTICLE* OR FORMATION OR TIP OR ATOM* OR GOLD OR AU OR POLYMER* OR COPOLYMER* OR GAAS OR INAS OR SUPERLATTICE* OR ADSORPTION OR ADSORB* OR ISLAND* OR SIZE OR POWDER OR RESOLUTION OR QUANTUM OR MULTILAYER* OR ARRAY* OR NANO*)) AND AD = (TURKEY) NOT TS = (NANOMET* OR NANO2 OR NANO3 OR NANO4 OR NANO5 OR NANOSEC* OR NANOSECOND* OR NANOMETERSCALE* OR NANOMETER LENGTH*)

  5. #5.

    TS = ((AFM OR ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOP* OR SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOP* OR SEM OR SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOP* OR STM OR SELF-ASSEMBL* OR SELF-ORGANIZ* OR TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOP* OR TEM) SAME (SURFACE* OR FILM* OR LAYER* OR SUBSTRATE* OR ROUGHNESS OR MONOLAYER* OR MOLECUL* OR STRUCTURE* OR RESOLUTION OR ETCH* OR GROW* OR SILICON OR SI OR DEPOSIT* OR PARTICLE* OR FORMATION OR TIP OR ATOM* OR GOLD OR AU OR POLYMER* OR COPOLYMER* OR GAAS OR INAS OR SUPERLATTICE* OR ADSORPTION OR ADSORB* OR ISLAND* OR SIZE OR POWDER* OR RESOLUTION OR QUANTUM OR MULTILAYER* OR ARRAY* OR NANO*)) AND AD = (TURKEY) NOT TS = (NANOMET* OR NANO2 OR NANO3 OR NANO4 OR NANO5 OR NANOSEC* OR NANOSECOND* OR NANOMETERSCALE* OR NANOMETER LENGTH*)

  6. #6.

    TS = (NANOMECHANICAL OR NANOELECTRONIC* OR NANOHARDNESS OR NANORIBBON* OR NANOBELT* OR NANOGRAIN* OR NANOCABLE* OR NANOCHANNEL* OR NANOSHEET* OR NANODIAMOND* OR NANOMAGNET* OR NANODISK* OR NANOSHELL* OR NANOCONTACT* OR NANOREACTOR* OR NANOIMPRINT* OR NANOHOLE* OR NANOWHISKER* OR NANOCHEMISTRY OR NANOGRAPHITE OR NANOELECTRODE* OR NANOGRANULAR OR NANOFOAM* OR NANOMETER-SIZE* OR NANOCOLLOID* OR NANORING* OR NANOPHOTONIC* OR NANOSENSOR* OR NANOELECTROSPRAY* OR NANOBRIDGE* OR NANOMETER-SCALE* OR NANOBIO* OR BIONANO* OR HIPCO) AND AD = (TURKEY) NOT TS = (NANOMET* OR NANO2 OR NANO3 OR NANO4 OR NANO5 OR NANOSEC* OR NANOSECOND* OR NANOMETERSCALE* OR NANOMETER LENGTH*)

  7. #7.

    TS = (MOLECUL* MOTOR* OR MOLECUL* RULER* OR MOLECUL* DEVICE* OR MOLECULAR ENGINEERING OR MOLECULAR ELECTRONIC* OR COULOMB STAIRCASE* OR QUANTUM DOT* OR QUANTUM WELL* OR QUANTUM WIRE* OR COULOMB BLOCKADE* OR MOLECULAR WIRE*) AND AD = (TURKEY) NOT TS = (NANOMET* OR NANO2 OR NANO3 OR NANO4 OR NANO5 OR NANOSEC* OR NANOSECOND* OR NANOMETERSCALE* OR NANOMETER LENGTH*)

  8. #8.

    TS = (NANO*) AND AD = (NANO* NOT NANOPHOTON*) AND AD = (TURKEY)

  9. #9.

    #8 OR #7 OR #6 OR #5 OR #4 OR #3 OR #2 OR #1

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Darvish, H., Tonta, Y. Diffusion of nanotechnology knowledge in Turkey and its network structure. Scientometrics 107, 569–592 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-016-1854-0

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