Skip to main content
Log in

Substance without citation: evaluating the online impact of grey literature

  • Published:
Scientometrics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Individuals and organisations producing information or knowledge for others sometimes need to be able to provide evidence of the value of their work in the same way that scientists may use journal impact factors and citations to indicate the value of their papers. There are many cases, however, when organisations are charged with producing reports but have no real way of measuring their impact, including when they are distributed free, do not attract academic citations and their sales cannot be tracked. Here, the web impact report (WIRe) is proposed as a novel solution for this problem. A WIRe consists of a range of web-derived statistics about the frequency and geographic location of online mentions of an organisation’s reports. WIRe data is typically derived from commercial search engines. This article defines the component parts of a WIRe and describes how to collect and analyse the necessary data. The process is illustrated with a comparison of the web impact of the reports of a large UK organisation. Although a formal evaluation was not conducted, the results suggest that WIRes can indicate different levels of web impact between reports and can reveal the type of online impact that the reports have.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Baumgartner, F. (2007). Punctuated equilibrium theory and environmental policy. In R. Repetto (Ed.), Punctuated equilibrium models and environmental policy (pp. 97–116). New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bence, V., & Oppenheim, C. (2004). The influence of peer review on the research assessment exercise. Journal of Information Science, 30(4), 347–368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, R. (2007). Sources and use of marketing information by marketing managers. Journal of Documentation, 63(5), 702–726.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bornmann, L. (2013). What is societal impact of research and how can it be assessed? A literature survey. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 64(2), 217–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, L. (2003). Explaining Australia’s increased share of ISI publications—The effects of a funding formula based on publication counts. Research Policy, 32(1), 143–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cronin, B., & Shaw, D. (2002). Banking (on) different forms of symbolic capital. Journal of the American Society for the Information Science, 53(13), 1267–1270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronin, B., Snyder, H. W., Rosenbaum, H., Martinson, A., Callahan, E., et al. (1998). Invoked on the web. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 49(14), 1319–1328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dutton, W. H., & Elsper, E. J. (2007). The Internet in Britain 2007. Oxford: Oxford Internet Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geisler, E. (2000). The metrics of science and technology. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gentil-Beccot, A., Mele, S., & Brooks, T. (2010). Citing and reading behaviours in high-energy physics. Scientometrics, 84(2), 345–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ingwersen, P. (1998). The calculation of web impact factors. Journal of Documentation, 54(2), 236–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffery, K. G. (2000). An architecture for grey literature in a R&D context. International Journal on Grey Literature, 1(2), 64–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kousha, K., & Thelwall, M. (2007). Google Scholar citations and Google Web/URL citations: A multi-discipline exploratory analysis. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 58(7), 1055–1065.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre, R. C., & Flora, J. A. (1988). Social marketing and public health intervention. Health Education Quarterly, 15(3), 299–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moed, Hf. (2005). Citation analysis in research evaluation. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuendorf, K. (2002). The content analysis guidebook. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thelwall, M. (2008). Extracting accurate and complete results from search engines: Case study Windows Live. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 59(1), 38–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thelwall, M. (2009). Introduction to webometrics: Quantitative web research for the social sciences. New York: Morgan & Claypool.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thelwall, M., Vann, K., Fairclough, R., et al. (2006). Web issue analysis: An integrated water resource management case study. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 57(10), 1303–1314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thelwall, M., & Wilkinson, D. (2008). A generic lexical URL segmentation framework for counting links, colinks or URLs. Library and Information Science Research, 30(2), 94–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uyar, A. (2009). Investigation of the accuracy of search engine hit counts. Journal of Information Science, 35(4), 469–480.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan, L., & Shaw, D. (2003). Bibliographic and web citations: What is the difference? Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 54(14), 1313–1322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, D., Harries, G., Thelwall, M., Price, E., et al. (2003). Motivations for academic web site interlinking: Evidence for the web as a novel source of information on informal scholarly communication. Journal of Information Science, 29(1), 49–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research is part of the FP7 EU-funded project ACUMEN on assessing web indicators in research evaluation.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mike Thelwall.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wilkinson, D., Sud, P. & Thelwall, M. Substance without citation: evaluating the online impact of grey literature. Scientometrics 98, 797–806 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-013-1068-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-013-1068-7

Keywords

Navigation