Abstract
Little work has been done on academic dishonesty in the Middle East. This research investigates the nature of the relationship between contextual factors and academic dishonesty using a sample from three private universities in Lebanon, and compares the results to a sample from seven large universities in the US. Using the basic model of McCabe et al. (Research in Higher Education 43(3):357–378, 2002), we found additional evidence for the strong role perception of peers’ behavior plays in understanding student decisions concerning academic integrity. Cross cultural comparisons of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors regarding academic dishonesty were pivotal in this research. Our results support the view that Lebanese university students are strongly influenced by the norms of the collectivist society in which they are raised as compared to the more individualistic society found in the United States.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Al-Harthi, A. S. (2005). Distance higher education experiences of Arab Gulf students in the United States: A cultural perspective. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 6(3), 1–14.
Ayyash-Abdo, H. (2001). Individualism and collectivism: The case of Lebanon. Social Behavior and Personality, 29(5), 503–518.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Buda, R., & Elsayed-Elkhouly, S. M. (1998). Cultural differences between Arabs and Americans: Individualism–collectivism revisited. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29(3), 487–492.
Chapman, K. J., & Lupton, R. A. (2004). Academic dishonesty in a global educational market: A comparison of Hong Kong and American university business students. The International Journal of Education Management, 18(7), 425–435.
Christensen-Hughes, J. M., & McCabe, D. L. (2006). Understanding academic misconduct. The Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 36(1), 49–63.
Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
Cohen, J., Pant, P., & Sharp, D. (1993). A validation and extension of a multidimensional ethics scale. Journal of Business Ethics, 12(1), 13–26.
Dalton, J. C. (1985). Promoting values development in college students. Columbus: Teachers College Press.
De Lambert, K., Ellen, N., & Taylor, L. (2003). Cheating-what is it and why do it?: A study in New Zealand tertiary institutions of the perceptions and justifications for academic dishonesty. Journal of American Academy of Business, 3(1/2), 98–103.
Diekhoff, G. M., LaBeff, E., Shinohara, K., & Yasukawa, H. (1999). College cheating in Japan and the United States. Research in Higher Education, 40(3), 343–353.
Dupont, A. M., & Craig, J. S. (1996). Does management experience change the ethical perceptions of retail professionals: A comparison of the ethical perceptions of current students with those of recent graduates? Journal of Business Ethics, 15(8), 815–826.
Franklyn-Stokes, A., & Newstead, S. E. (1995). Undergraduate cheating: Who does what and why? Studies in Higher Education, 20(2), 159–172.
Gibbs, J. P. (1975). Crime, punishment, and deterrence. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Harpp, D. N., & Hogan, J. J. (1993). Crime in the classroom. Journal of Chemical Education, 70(4), 306–311.
Hofstede, G. (1982). Culture’s consequences (abridged ed.). Beverly Hills: Sage.
Jendrek, M. P. (1989). Faculty reactions to academic dishonesty. Journal of College Student Development, 30(4), 401–406.
Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research (pp. 347–480). Chicago: Rand McNally.
Lim, V. K. G., & See, S. K. B. (2001). Attitudes toward, and intentions to report, academic cheating among students in Singapore. Ethics and Behavior, 11(3), 261–274.
Lupton, R. A., Chapman, K. J., & Weiss, J. E. (2000). A cross-national exploration of business students’ attitudes, perceptions, and tendencies toward academic dishonesty. Journal of Education for Business, 75(4), 231–235.
Lysonski, S., & Gaidis, W. (1991). A cross-cultural comparison of the ethics of business students. Journal of Business Ethics, 10(2), 141–150.
Magnus, J. R., Polterovich, V. M., Danilov, D. L., & Savvateev, A. V. (2002). Tolerance of cheating: an analysis across countries. The Journal of Economic Education, 33(2), 125–136.
McCabe, D. L., Butterfield, K. D., & Trevino, L. K. (2006). Academic dishonesty in graduate business programs: Prevalence, causes, and proposed action. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 5(3), 294–305.
McCabe, D. L., & Pavela G. (2000). Some good news about academic integrity. Change, 33(5), 32–38.
McCabe, D. L., Trevino, L. K., & Butterfield, K. D. (2002). Honor codes and other contextual influences on academic integrity: A replication and extension to modified honor code settings. Research in Higher Education, 43(3), 357–378.
McCabe, D. L., & Trevino, L. K. (1997). Individual and contextual influences on academic dishonesty: A multicampus investigation. Research in Higher Education, 38(3), 397–396.
McCabe, D. L., & Trevino, L. K. (1993). Academic dishonesty: Honor codes and other contextual factors. The Journal of Higher Education, 64(5), 522–538.
Michaels, J. W., & Miethe, T. D. (1989). Applying theories of deviance to academic cheating. Social Science Quarterly, 70(4), 872–875.
Newstead, S. E., Franklyn-Stokes, A., & Armstead, P. (1996). Individual differences in student cheating. Journal of Educational Psychology, 88(2), 229–241.
Nonis, S., & Swift, C. O., (2001). An examination of the relation between academic dishonesty and workplace dishonesty: A multicampus investigation. Journal of Education for Business, 77(2), 69–78.
Nuss, E. M. (1984). Academic Integrity: Comparing faculty and student attitudes. Improving College and University Teaching, 32(2), 140–144.
Ogilby, S. M., (1995). The ethics of academic behavior: Will it affect professional behavior? Journal of Education for Business, 71(2), 92–97.
Power, F. C., Higgins, A., & Kohlberg, L. (1989). Lawrence Kohlberg’s approach to moral education. New York: Columbia University Press.
Pulford, B. D., Johnson, A., & Awaida, M. (2005). A cross-cultural study of predictors of self-handicapping in university students. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(4), 727–737.
Ralston, D. A., Giacalone, R. A., & Terpstra, R. H. (1994). Ethical perceptions of organizational politics: A comparative evaluation of American and Hong Kong managers. Journal of Business Ethics, 13(12), 989–999.
Rosenhan, D. L., Moore, B. S., & Underwood, B. (1976). The social psychology of moral behavior. In Lickona, T. (Ed.), Moral development and behavior (pp. 241–252). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Salter, S. B., Guffey, D. M., & McMillan, J. J. (2001). Truth, consequences and culture: A comparative examination of cheating and attitudes about cheating among U.S. and U.K. students. Journal of Business Ethics, 31(1), 37–50.
Sims, R. L. (1993). The relationship between academic dishonesty and unethical business practices. Journal of Education for Business, 68(4), 207–212.
Singhapakdi, A., Vitell, S. J., & Leelakulthanit, O. (1994). A cross-cultural study of moral philosophies, ethical perceptions and judgments: A comparison of American and Thai marketers. International Marketing Review, 11(6), 65–78.
Swidan, Z., Rawwas, M., & Al-Khatib, J. (2004). Ethical beliefs and orientations of a micro-culture in the U.S. International Business Review, 13(6), 661–805.
Tittle, C. R., & Rowe, A. R. (1973). Moral appeal, sanction threat, and deviance: An experimental test. Social Problems, 20(Spring), 488–498.
Transparency International (2005). TI Corruption Perception Index (CPI). Retrieved Aug 16, 2006, www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2005.
Trevino, L. K., & McCabe, D. L. (1994). Meta-learning about business ethics: Building honorable business school communities. Journal of Business Ethics, 13(6), 405–416.
Triandis, H. C. (2001). Individualism-collectivism and personality. Journal of Personality, 69(6), 907–924.
Underwood, J., & Szabo, A. (2003). Academic offenses and e-learning: Individual propensities in cheating. British Journal of Educational Technology, 34(4), 467–477.
Wilhelm, P. G. (2002). International validation of the corruption perceptions index: Implications for business ethics and entrepreneurship education. Journal of Business Ethics, 35(3), 177–189.
World Bank. (2006). Lebanon quarterly update second quarter 2006. Washington: The World Bank.
Zimring, F. E., & Hawkins, G. J. (1973). Deterrence: The legal threat in crime control. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
McCabe, D.L., Feghali, T. & Abdallah, H. Academic Dishonesty in the Middle East: Individual and Contextual Factors. Res High Educ 49, 451–467 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-008-9092-9
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-008-9092-9