Abstract
Bycatch remains one of the most significant fisheries issues in the world and its monitoring and reporting is now expected in many regions. This paper provides a global synthesis of the data that are available on one of the most controversial components of bycatch, that associated with the capture and discarding of endangered, threatened and protected (ETP) species in marine commercial and artisanal fisheries. We examine the available literature regarding estimates for the key taxa in this category of bycatch (seabirds, turtles, sea snakes, marine mammals, sharks, rays and teleosts) and use the data to try to provide a total global estimate. We estimate (albeit quite imprecisely) that at least 20 million individuals of such species are discarded annually throughout the world. However, there remain far too many gaps and uncertainties across fisheries and regions in the information to provide any robustness (or variance) around such an estimate, nor to determine the actual fates of these animals (many may survive). This is exacerbated because: (1) the occurrences of such species are often rare and controversial and so go either unnoticed and/or unrecorded; (2) different levels of protection are afforded to different ETP species in different countries and fisheries and; (3) discarding practices vary greatly across a hierarchy of spatio-temporal scales and according to individual fishing conditions and procedures—the latter affecting actual mortalities. Nevertheless, there have been major initiatives established in recent years to provide better data on such interactions in addition to novel fishing methods and practices that reduce them and also improve the survival of discarded individuals. This paper discusses the data currently available and the quite significant gaps that remain.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alfaro-Shigueto J, Mangel JC, Bernedo F (2011) Small-scale fisheries of Peru: a major sink for marine turtles in the Pacific. J Appl Ecol 48:1432–1440
Alverson DL, Freeberg MH, Murawski SA, Pope JG (1994) A global assessment of fisheries bycatch and discards. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 339. Rome, FAO. p 233
Anderson ORJ, Small CJ, Croxall JP, Dunn EK, Sullivan BJ, Yates O, Black A (2011) Global seabird bycatch in longline fisheries. Endanger Species Res 14:91–106
Babcock EA, Pikitch EK, Hudson CG (2003) How much observer coverage is enough to adequately estimate bycatch?. Oceana, Washington
Baker GB, Double MC, Gales R, Tuck GN, Abbott CL, Ryan PG, Petersen SL, Robertson CJ, Alderman R (2007) A global assessment of the impact of fisheries-related mortality on shy and white-capped albatrosses: conservation implications. Biol Conserv 137:319–333
Baum JK, Meeuwig JJ, Vincent AC (2003) Bycatch of lined seahorses (Hippocampus erectus) in a Gulf of Mexico shrimp trawl fishery. Fish Bull 101:721–731
Bellebaum J, Schirmeister B, Sonntag N, Garthe S (2013) Decreasing but still high: bycatch of seabirds in gillnet fisheries along the German Baltic coast. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst 23:210–221
Benaka LR, Rilling C, Seney EE, Winarsoo H (2013) U.S. National Bycatch Report (1st ed. update 1). U.S. Department of Commerce, p 57
Blaber SJM, Dichmont CM, White W, Buckworth R, Sadiyah L, Iskandar B, Nurhakim S, Pillans R, Andamari R (2009) Elasmobranchs in southern Indonesian fisheries: the fisheries, the status of the stocks and management options. Rev Fish Biol Fish 19:367–391
Bordino P, Kraus S, Albareda D, Fazio A, Palmerio A, Mendez M, Botta S (2002) Reducing incidental mortality of Franciscana dolphin Pontoporia blainvillei with acoustic warning devices attached to fishing nets. Mar Mammal Sci 18(4):833–842
Bourjea J, Nel R, Jiddawi NS, Koonjul MS, Bianchi G (2008) Sea turtle bycatch in the West Indian Ocean: review, recommendations and research priorities. West Indian Ocean J Mar Sci 7:137–150
Bourjea J, Clermont S, Delgado A, Murua H, Ruiz J, Ciccione S, Chavance P (2014) Marine turtle interaction with purse-seine fishery in the Atlantic and Indian oceans: lessons for management. Biol Conserv 178:74–87
Boyd C (2014) Minimizing seabird by-catch in industrial fisheries. Anim Conserv 17:530–531
Braccini M, Van Rijn J, Frick L (2012) High post-capture survival for sharks, rays and chimaeras discarded in the main shark fishery of Australia? PLoS ONE 7:e32547
Brothers N, Duckworth AR, Safina C, Gilman EL (2010) Seabird bycatch in pelagic longline fisheries is grossly underestimated when using only haul data. PLoS ONE 5:e12491
Bull LS (2007) Reducing seabird bycatch in longline, trawl and gillnet fisheries. Fish Fish 8:31–56
Bull LS (2009) New mitigation measures reducing seabird by-catch in trawl fisheries. Fish Fish 10:408–427
Butcher PA, Peddemors VM, Mandelman JW, McGrath SP, Cullis BR (2015) At-vessel mortality and blood biochemical status of elasmobranchs caught in an Australian commercial longline fishery. Glob Ecol Conserv 3:878–889
Campana SE, Joyce W, Fowle M, Showell M (2016) Discards, hooking, and post-release mortality of porbeagle (Lamna nasus), shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus), and blue shark (Prionace glauca) in the Canadian pelagic longline fishery. ICES J Mar Sci 73:520–528
Campbell R, Holley D, Christianopolous D, Caputi N, Gales NG (2008) Mitigation of incidental mortality of Australian sea lions in the west coast rock lobster fishery. Endangered Species Res 5:345–358
Cao N, Thien Tao N, Moore A, Montoya A, Redsted Rasmussen A, Broad K, Voris HK, Takacs Z (2014) Sea snake harvest in the gulf of Thailand. Conserv Biol 28:1677–1687
Cardoso LG, Bugoni L, Mancini PL, Haimovici M (2011) Gillnet fisheries as a major mortality factor of Magellanic penguins in wintering areas. Mar Pollut Bull 62:840–844
Casale P (2011) Sea turtle by-catch in the Mediterranean. Fish Fish 12:299–316
Chaloupka M, Parker D, Balazs G (2004) Modelling post-release mortality of loggerhead sea turtles exposed to the Hawaii-based pelagic longline fishery. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 280:285–293
Chilvers BL (2008) New Zealand sea lions Phocarctos hookeri and squid trawl fisheries: bycatch problems and management options. Endanger Species Res 5:193–204
Clarke S, Milner-Gulland EJ, Cemare TB (2007) Social, economic and regulatory drivers of the shark fin trade. Mar Resour Econ 22:305–327
Clarke S, Sato M, Small C, Sullivan B, Inoue Y, Ochi D (2014) Bycatch in longline fisheries for tuna and tuna-like species: a global review of status and mitigation measures. FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper, 588, pp 1–199
Courtney AJ, Schemel BC, Wallace R, Campbell MJ, Mayer DG, Young B (2010) Reducing the impact of Queensland’s trawl fisheries on protected sea snakes. Fisheries Research and Development Coorporation (FRDC) Project No. 2005/053 Final Report. p 132
Croll DA, DeWar H, Dulvy NK, Fernando D, Francis MP, Galván-Magaña F, Hall M, Heinrichs S, Marshall A, Mccauley D, Newton KM, Notarbartolo-Di-Sciara G, O’Malley M, O’Sullivan J, Poortvliet M, Roman M, Stevens G, Tershy BR, White WT (2015) Vulnerabilities and fisheries impacts: the uncertain future of manta and devil rays. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst 26:562–575
Croxall JP (2008) Seabird mortality and trawl fisheries. Anim Conserv 11:255–256
Croxall JP, Butchart SHM, Lascelles B, Stattersfield AJ, Sullivan BJ, Symes A, Taylor P (2012) Seabird conservation status, threats and priority actions: a global assessment. Bird Conserv Int 22:1–34
D’Agrosa C, Lennert-Cody CE, Vidal O (2000) Vaquita bycatch in Mexico’s artisanal gillnet fisheries: driving a small population to extinction. Conserv Biol 14:1110–1119
Davies RWD, Cripps SJ, Nickson A, Porter G (2009) Defining and estimating global marine fisheries bycatch. Mar Policy 33:661–672
Dawson S, Pichler F, Slooten E, Russell K, Baker CS (2001) The North Island Hector’s dolphin is vulnerable to extinction. Mar Mamm Sci 17:366–371
Domingo A, Menni R, Forselledo R (2005) Bycatch of the pelagic ray Dasyatis violacea in Uruguayan longline fisheries and aspects of distribution in the southwestern Atlantic. Sci Mar 69:161–166
Dulvy NK, Baum JK, Clarke S, Compagno LJ, Cortes E, Domingo A, Fordham S, Fowler S, Francis MP, Gibson C, Martínez J (2008) You can swim but you can’t hide: the global status and conservation of oceanic pelagic sharks and rays. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst 18:459–482
Dulvy NK, Fowler SL, Musick JA, Cavanagh RD, Kyne PM, Harrison LR, Carlson JK, Davidson LN, Fordham SV, Francis MP, Pollock CM (2014) Extinction risk and conservation of the world’s sharks and rays. Elife 3:e00590
Dulvy NK, Davidson LNK, Kyne PM, Simpfendorfer CA, Harrison LR, Carlson JK, Fordham SV (2016) Ghosts of the coast: global extinction risk and conservation of sawfishes. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst 26:134–153
Echwikhi K, Jribi I, Bradai MN, Bouain A (2010) Gillnet fishery—loggerhead turtle interactions in the Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia. Herpetol J 20:25–30
Eich AM, Mabry KR, Wright SK, Fitzgerald SK (2016) Seabird bycatch and mitigation efforts in Alaska Fisheries Summary Report: 2007 through 2015. U.S. Dep. Comm., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/AKR-12, p 47
Everett BI, Cliff G, Dudley SFJ, Wintner SP, van der Elst RP (2015) Do sawfish Pristis spp. represent South Africa’s first local extirpation of marine elasmobranchs in the modern era? Afr J Mar Sci 37:275–284
FAO (2011) International guidelines on bycatch management and reduction of discards. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, p 73. ISBN 978-92-5-006952-4
FAO (2015) Report of the Expert workshop on the methodology to assess and quantify the extent and impact of fisheries bycatch and discards. FAO Rome, Casablanca, p 71
Favaro B, Côté IM (2015) Do by-catch reduction devices in longline fisheries reduce capture of sharks and rays? A global meta-analysis. Fish Fish 16:300–309
Favero M, Blanco G, García G, Copello S, Seco Pon JP, Frere E, Quintana F, Yorio P, Rabuffetti F, Cañete G, Gandini P (2011) Seabird mortality associated with ice trawlers in the Patagonian shelf: effect of discards on the occurrence of interactions with fishing gear. Anim Conserv 14:131–139
Ferretti F, Verd GB, Seret B, Šprem JS, Micheli F (2016) Falling through the cracks: the fading history of a large iconic predator. Fish Fish 17:870–875
Finkbeiner EM, Wallace BP, Moore JE, Lewison RL, Crowder LB, Read AJ (2011) Cumulative estimates of sea turtle bycatch and mortality in USA fisheries between 1990 and 2007. Biol Conserv 144:2719–2727
Fossette S, Witt MJ, Miller P, Nalovic MA, Albareda D, Almeida AP, Broderick AC, Chacón-Chaverri D, Coyne MS, Domingo A, Eckert S (2014) Pan-Atlantic analysis of the overlap of a highly migratory species, the leatherback turtle, with pelagic longline fisheries. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 281(1780):1–8
Gallo BM, Macedo S, Giffoni BDB, Becker JH, Barata PC (2006) Sea turtle conservation in Ubatuba, southeastern Brazil, a feeding area with incidental capture in coastal fisheries. Chelonian Conserv Biol 5:93–101
Gandini PA, Frere E (2006) Spatial and temporal patterns in the bycatch of seabirds in the Argentinean longline fishery. Fish Bull 104:482–485
Gardner B, Sullivan PJ, Morreale SJ, Epperly SP (2008) Spatial and temporal statistical analysis of bycatch data: patterns of sea turtle bycatch in the North Atlantic. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 65:2461–2470
Gianuca D, Phillips RA, Townley S, Votier SC (2017) Global patterns of sex-and age specific variation in seabird bycatch. Biol Conserv 205:60–76
Gilman E, Huang H (2017) Review of effects of pelagic longline hook and bait type on sea turtle catch rate, anatomical hooking position and at-vessel mortality rate. Rev Fish Biol Fish 27:43–52
Gilman E, Brothers N, McPherson G, Dalzell P (2006a) Review of cetacean interactions with longline gear. J Cetacean Res Manag 8:215–223
Gilman E, Zollet E, Beverly S, Nakano H, Davis K, Shiode D, Dalzell P, Kinan I (2006b) Reducing sea turtle bycatch in pelagic longline fisheries. Fish Fish 7:2–23
Gilman E, Clarke S, Brothers N, Alfaro-Shigueto J, Mandelman J, Mangel J, Petersen S, Piovano S, Thomson N, Dalzell P, Donoso M (2008a) Shark interactions in pelagic longline fisheries. Mar Policy 32:1–18
Gilman E, Kobayashi D, Chaloupka M (2008b) Reducing seabird bycatch in the Hawaii longline tuna fishery. Endanger Species Res 5:309–323
Gilman E, Gearhart J, Price B, Eckert S, Milliken H, Wang J, Swimmer Y, Shiode D, Abe O, Hoyt Peckham S, Chaloupka M (2010) Mitigating sea turtle by-catch in coastal passive net fisheries. Fish Fish 11:57–88
Gilman E, Chaloupka M, Swimmer Y, Piovano S (2016) A cross-taxa assessment of pelagic longline by-catch mitigation measures: conflicts and mutual benefits to elasmobranchs. Fish Fish 17(3):748–784
González LM, de Larrinoa PF (2013) Mediterranean monk seal Monachus monachus distribution and fisheries interactions in the Atlantic Sahara during the second half of the 20th century. Mammalia 77:41–49
Hall MA (1998) An ecological view of the tuna–dolphin problem: impacts and trade-offs. Rev Fish Biol Fish 8:1–34
Hall M, Roman M (2013) Bycatch and Non-Tuna Catch in the Tropical Tuna Purse Seine Fisheries of the World. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 568. P 249
Hall MA, Nakano H, Clarke S, Thomas S, Molloy J, Peckham H, Laudino-Santillán J, Nichols WJ, Gilman E, Cook J, Martin S, Croxall JP, Rivera K, Moreno CA, Hall SJ (2007) Working with fishers to reduce by-catches. In: Kennelly SJ (ed) By-catch reduction in the World’s Fisheries. Springer, Berlin, pp 235–288
Hamer DJ, Goldsworthy SD, Costa DP, Fowler SL, Page B, Sumner MD (2013) The endangered Australian sea lion extensively overlaps with and regularly becomes by-catch in demersal shark gill-nets in South Australian shelf waters. Biol Conserv 157:386–400
Henwood TA, Stuntz WE (1987) Analysis of sea turtle captures and mortalities during commercial shrimp trawling. Fish Bull 85:813–817
Hossain MA, Thompson BS, ChowdHury GW, Mohsanin S, Fahad ZH, Koldewey HJ, Islam MA (2015) Sawfish exploitation and status in Bangladesh. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst 25:781–799
Huang H (2015) Incidental catch of seabirds and sea turtles by Taiwanese longline fleets in the Pacific Ocean. Fish Res 170:179–189
IUCN (2016) IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2016.2. www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on 28 Nov 2016
Karamanlidis AA, Androukaki E, Adamantopoulou S, Chatzispyrou A, Johnson WM, Kotomatas S, Papadopoulos A, Paravas V, Paximadis G, Pires R, Tounta E (2008) Assessing accidental entanglement as a threat to the Mediterranean monk seal Monachus monachus. Endanger Species Res 5:205–213
Karamanlidis AA, Dendrinos P, Larrinoa PF, Gücü AC, Johnson WM, Kiraç CO, Pires R (2016) The Mediterranean monk seal Monachus monachus: status, biology, threats, and conservation priorities. Mamm Rev 46:92–105
Kelleher K (2005) Discards in the world’s marine fisheries: an update. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 470. p 131
Kennelly SJ (2015) Progress in the monitoring and management of bycatch and discards. In Report of the expert workshop on the methodology to assess and quantify the extent and impact of fisheries bycatch and discards. FAO Rome Casablanca, Morocco, pp 24–27
Kennelly SJ, Broadhurst MK (2002) Bycatch begone: changes in the philosophy of fishing technology. Fish Fish 3:340–355
Kraan M, Uhlmann S, Steenbergen J, Van Helmond ATM, Van Hoof L (2013) The optimal process of self-sampling in fisheries: lessons learned in the Netherlands. J Fish Biol 83:963–973
Lam V, Sadovy Y, de Mitcheson Y (2011) The sharks of South East Asia—unknown, unmonitored and unmanaged. Fish Fish 12:51–74
Lee Lum LL (2006) Assessment of incidental sea turtle catch in the artisanal gillnet fishery in Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies. Appl Herpetol 3:357–368
Lewison RL, Crowder LB (2007) Putting longline bycatch of sea turtles into perspective. Conserv Biol 21:79–86
Lewison RL, Freeman SA, Crowder LB (2004) Quantifying the effects of fisheries on threatened species: the impact of pelagic longlines on loggerhead and leatherback sea turtles. Ecol Lett 7:221–231
Lewison RL, Wallace BP, Alfaro-Shigueto J, Mangel J, Maxwell S, Hazen E (2013) Fisheries bycatch of marine turtles: lessons learned from decades of research and conservation. In: Wyneken J, Musick JA, Lohmann KL (eds) The biology of sea turtles, vol 3. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 329–351
Lewison RL, Crowder LB, Wallace BP, Moore JE, Cox T, Zydelis R, McDonald S, DiMatteo A, Dunn DC, Kot CY, Bjorkland R, Kelezk S, Soykanl C, Stewart KR, Sims M, Boustany A, Read AJ, Halpin P, Nichols WJ, Safina C (2014) Global patterns of marine mammal, seabird, and sea turtle bycatch reveal taxa-specific and cumulative megafauna hotspots. Proc Natl Acad Sci 111:5271–5276
Løkkeborg S (2011) Best practices to mitigate seabird bycatch in longline, trawl and gillnet fisheries—efficiency and practical applicability. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 435:285–303
López-Barrera EA, Longo GO, Monteiro-Filho ELA (2012) Incidental capture of green turtle (Chelonia mydas) in gillnets of small-scale fisheries in the Paranaguá Bay, Southern Brazil. Ocean Coast Manag 60:11–18
Lucchetti A, Antonello S (2010) An overview of loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) bycatch and technical mitigation measures in the Mediterranean Sea. Rev Fish Biol Fish 20:141–161
Lucchetti A, Carbonara P, Colloca F, Lanteri L, Spedicato MT, Sartor P (2017) Small-scale driftnets in the Mediterranean: technical features, legal constraints and management options for the reduction of protected species bycatch. Ocean Coast Manag 135:43–55
Mandelman JW, Cooper PW, Werner TB, Lagueux KM (2008) Shark bycatch and depredation in the US Atlantic pelagic longline fishery. Rev Fish Biol Fish 18:427–442
Maree BA, Wanless RM, Fairweather TP, Sullivan BJ, Yates O (2014) Significant reductions in mortality of threatened seabirds in a South African trawl fishery. Anim Conserv 17:520–529
Marsh H, Lawler IR, Kwan D, Delean S, Pollock K, Alldredge M (2004) Aerial surveys and the potential biological removal technique indicate that the Torres Strait dugong fishery is unsustainable. Anim Conserv 7:435–443
Meeuwig JJ, Ky TS, Job SD, Vincent AC (2006) Quantifying non-target seahorse fisheries in central Vietnam. Fish Res 81:149–157
Milton DA (2001) Assessing the susceptibility to fishing of populations of rare trawl bycatch: sea snakes caught by Australia’s Northern Prawn Fishery. Biol Conserv 101:281–290
Molina JM, Cooke SJ (2012) Trends in shark bycatch research: current status and research needs. Rev Fish Biol Fish 22:719–737
Moore A (2015) A review of sawfishes (Pristidae) in the Arabian region: diversity, distribution, and functional extinction of large and historically abundant marine vertebrates. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst 25:656–677
Moore JE, Wallace BP, Lewison RL, Žydelis R, Cox TM, Crowder LB (2009) A review of marine mammal, sea turtle and seabird bycatch in USA fisheries and the role of policy in shaping management. Mar Policy 33:435–451
Moore JE, Cox TM, Lewison RL, Read AJ, Bjorkland R, McDonald SL, Crowder LB, Aruna E, Ayissi I, Espeut P, Joynson-Hicks C, Pilcher N, Poonian CNS, Solarin B, Kiszka J (2010) An interview-based approach to assess marine mammal and sea turtle captures in artisanal fisheries. Biol Conserv 143:795–805
Murray KT (2009) Characteristics and magnitude of sea turtle bycatch in US mid-Atlantic gillnet gear. Endanger Species Res 8:211–224
NMFS (2011) U.S. National Bycatch Report. Karp WA, Desfosse LL, Brooke SG (eds.) U.S. Dept. Commerce, NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-117E, p 508
Nogueira MM, Alves RRN (2016) Assessing sea turtle bycatch in Northeast Brazil through an ethnozoological approach. Ocean Coast Manag 133:37–42
Oliveira N, Henriques A, Miodonski J, Pereira J, Marujo D, Almeida A, Barros N, Andrade J, Marçalo A, Santos J, Benta Oliveira I, Ferreira M, Araújo H, Monteiro S, Vingada J, Ramírez I (2015) Seabird bycatch in Portuguese mainland coastal fisheries: an assessment through on-board observations and fishermen interviews. Glob Ecol Conserv 3:51–61
Oliver S, Braccini M, Newman SJ, Harvey ES (2015) Global patterns in the bycatch of sharks and rays. Mar Policy 54:86–97
Orphanides CD, Palka DL (2013) Analysis of harbor porpoise gillnet bycatch, compliance, and enforcement trends in the US northwestern Atlantic, January 1999 to May 2010. Endanger Species Res 20:251–269
Palmeira CAM, da Silva Rodrigues-Filho LF, de Luna Sales JB, Vallinoto M, Schneider H, Sampaio I (2013) Commercialization of a critically endangered species (largetooth sawfish, Pristis perotteti) in fish markets of northern Brazil: authenticity by DNA analysis. Food Control 34:249–252
Peckham SH, Maldonado Dı´az D, Walli A, Ruı´z G, Crowder LB, Nichols WJ (2007) Small-scale fisheries bycatch jeopardizes endangered Pacific loggerhead turtles. PLoS ONE 2:e1041
Poiner IR, Harris ANM (1996) Incidental capture, direct mortality and delayed mortality of sea turtles in Australia’s Northern Prawn Fishery. Mar Biol 125:813–825
Pott C, Wiedenfeld DA (2017) Information gaps limit our understanding of seabird bycatch in global fisheries. Biol Conserv 210:192–204
Read AJ (2007) Do circle hooks reduce the mortality of sea turtles in pelagic longlines? A review of recent experiments. Biol Conserv 135:155–169
Read AJ (2008) The looming crisis: interactions between marine mammals and fisheries. J Mamm 89:541–548
Read AJ (2013) Development of conservation strategies to mitigate the bycatch of harbor porpoises in the Gulf of Maine. Endanger Species Res 20:235–250
Read AJ, Drinker P, Northridge S (2006) Bycatch of marine mammals in US and global fisheries. Conserv Biol 20:163–169
Reeves RR, McClellan K, Werner TB (2013) Marine mammal bycatch in gillnet and other entangling net fisheries, 1990 to 2011. Endanger Species Res 20:71–97
Robillard M, Séret B (2006) Cultural importance and decline of sawfish (Pristidae) populations in West Africa. Cybium 30:23–30
Robins JB (1995) Estimated catch and mortality of sea turtles from the east coast otter trawl fishery of Queensland, Australia. Biol Conserv 74:157–167
Sala A, Lucchetti A, Buglioni G (2007) The influence of twine thickness on the size selectivity of polyamide codends in a Mediterranean bottom trawl. Fish Res 83:192–203
Salin KR, Yohannan TM, Mohanakumaran Nair C (2005) Fisheries and trade of seahorses, Hippocampus spp., in southern India. Fish Manag Ecol 12:269–273
Senko J, White ER, Heppell SS, Gerber LR (2014) Comparing bycatch mitigation strategies for vulnerable marine megafauna. Anim Conserv 17:5–18
Simpfendorfer CA (2005) Threatened fishes of the world: Pristis pectinata Latham, 1794 (Pristidae). Environ Biol Fishes 73:20
Slooten E (2013) Effectiveness of area-based management in reducing bycatch of the New Zealand dolphin. Endanger Species Res 20:121–130
Sonntag N, Schwemmer H, Fock HO, Bellebaum J, Garthe S (2012) Seabirds, set-nets, and conservation management: assessment of conflict potential and vulnerability of birds to bycatch in gillnets. ICES J Mar Sci 69:578–589
Stevens JD, Bonfil R, Dulvy NK, Walker PA (2000) The effects of fishing on sharks, rays, and chimaeras (chondrichthyans), and the implications for marine ecosystems. ICES J Mar Sci 57:476–494
Stobutzki IC, Miller JM, Heales DS, Brewer DT (2002) Sustainability of elasmobranchs caught as bycatch in a tropical prawn (shrimp) trawl fishery. Fish Bull 100:800–821
Sullivan BJ, Reid TA, Bugoni L (2006) Seabird mortality on factory trawlers in the Falkland Islands and beyond. Biol Conserv 131:495–504
Tamini LL, Chavez LN, Góngora ME, Yates O, Rabuffetti FL, Sullivan B (2015) Estimating mortality of black-browed albatross (Thalassarche melanophris, Temminck, 1828) and other seabirds in the Argentinean factory trawl fleet and the use of bird-scaring lines as a mitigation measure. Polar Biol 38:1867–1879
Taylor B (2017) Net loss: new abundance estimate reveals that Mexico’s Vaquita faces imminent extinction due to illegal fishing. Retrieved from https://swfsc.noaa.gov/MMTD-vaquita
Temple AJ, Kiszka JJ, Stead SM, Wambiji N, Brito A, Poonian CN, Amir OA, Jiddawi N, Fennessy ST, Pérez-Jorge S, Berggren P (2018) Marine megafauna interactions with small-scale fisheries in the southwestern Indian Ocean: a review of status and challenges for research and management. Rev Fish Biol Fish 28:89–115
Trippel EA, Wang JY, Strong MB, Carter LS, Conway JD (1996) Incidental mortality of harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) by the gill-net fishery in the lower Bay of Fundy. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 53(6):1294–1300
Tu AT (1974) Sea snake investigation in the Gulf of Thailand. J Herpetol 8:201–210
Tuck GN, Phillips RA, Small C, Thomson RB, Klaer NL, Taylor F, Wanless RM, Arrizabalaga H (2011) An assessment of seabird-fishery interactions in the Atlantic Ocean. ICES J Mar Sci 68:1629–1637
Turvey ST, Pitman RL, Taylor BL, Barlow J, Akamatsu T, Barrett LA, Zhao X, Reeves RR, Stewart BS, Wang K, Wei Z (2007) First human-caused extinction of a cetacean species? Biol Lett 3:537–540
Uhlmann SS, Jeschke JM (2011) Comparing factors associated with total and dead sooty shearwater bycatch in New Zealand trawl fisheries. Biol Conserv 144:1859–1865
Uhlmann S, Fletcher D, Moller H (2005) Estimating incidental takes of shearwaters in driftnet fisheries: lessons for the conservation of seabirds. Biol Conserv 123:151–163
Vincent ACJ, Foster SJ, Koldewey HJ (2011) Conservation and management of seahorses and other Syngnathidae. J Fish Biol 78:1681–1724
Wakefield CB, Blight S, Dorman SR, Denham A Newman SJ, Wakeford J, Molony BW, Thomson AW, Syers C, O’Donoghue S (2014) Independent observations of catches and subsurface mitigation efficiencies of modified trawl nets for endangered, threatened and protected megafauna bycatch in the Pilbara Fish Trawl Fishery. Fisheries Research Report No. 244. Department of Fisheries, Western Australia. p 40
Wallace BP, Lewison RL, McDonald S, McDonald RT, Bjorkland RK, Kelez S, Kot C, Finkbeiner EM, Helmbrecht S, Crowder LB (2010) Global patterns of marine turtle bycatch. Conserv Lett 3:131–142
Wallace BP, DiMatteo AD, Bolten AB, Chaloupka MY, Hutchinson BJ, Abreu-Grobois FA, Mortimer JA, Seminoff JA, Amorocho D, Bjorndal KA, Bourjea J (2011) Global conservation priorities for marine turtles. PLoS ONE 6:e24510
Wallace B, Kot C, DiMatteo A, Lee T, Crowder L, Lewison R (2013) Impacts of fisheries bycatch on marine turtle populations worldwide: toward conservation and research priorities. Ecosphere 4:40
Wang JH, Fisler S, Swimmer Y (2010) Developing visual deterrents to reduce sea turtle bycatch in gillnet fisheries. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 408:241–250
Ward TM (1996) Sea snake by-catch of prawn trawlers on the northern Australian continental shelf. Mar Freshw Res 47:631–635
Wassenberg TJ, Salini JP, Heatwole H, Kerr JD (1994) Incidental capture of sea-snakes (Hydrophiidae) by prawn trawlers in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia. Mar Freshw Res 45:429–443
Wassenberg TJ, Milton DA, Burridge CY (2001) Survival rates of sea snakes caught by demersal trawlers in northern and eastern Australia. Biol Conserv 100:271–280
Watson JW, Epperly SP, Shah AK, Foster DG (2005) Fishing methods to reduce sea turtle mortality associated with pelagic longlines. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 62:965–981
Waugh SM, MacKenzie DI, Fletcher D (2008) Seabird bycatch in New Zealand trawl and longline fisheries, 1998–2004. Pap Proc R Soc Tasman 142:45–66
Waugh SM, Filippi DP, Blyth R, Filippi PF (2011) Report to the Convention on Migratory Species: Assessment of Bycatch in Gill Net Fisheries. Sextant Technology, p 146
WCPFC (2012) Summary Information on whale shark and cetacean interactions in the tropical WCPFC Purse Seine Fishery. Secretariat of the Pacific community, OFP. WCPFC-2011-IP-01. Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia, p 7
Weimerskirch H, Capdeville D, Duhamel G (2000) Factors affecting the number and mortality of seabirds attending trawlers and long-liners in the Kerguelen area. Polar Biol 23:236–249
White WT, Corrigan S, Yang L, Henderson AC, Bazinet AL, Swofford DL, Naylor GJ (2017) Phylogeny of the manta and devilrays (Chondrichthyes: mobulidae), with an updated taxonomic arrangement for the family. Zool J Linn Soc 182:50–75
Wiley TR, Simpfendorfer CA (2010) Using public encounter data to direct recovery efforts for the endangered smalltooth sawfish Pristis pectinata. Endanger Species Res 12:179–191
Wilson SM, Raby GD, Burnett NJ, Hinch SG, Cooke SJ (2014) Looking beyond the mortality of bycatch: sublethal effects of incidental capture on marine animals. Biol Conserv 171:61–72
Witzell WN (1999) Distribution and relative abundance of sea turtles caught incidentally by the US pelagic longline fleet in the western North Atlantic Ocean, 1992–1995. Fish Bull 97:200–211
Worm B, Davis B, Kettemer L, Ward-Paige CA, Chapman D, Heithaus MR, Kessel ST, Gruber SH (2013) Global catches, exploitation rates, and rebuilding options for sharks. Mar Policy 40:194–204
Yeh YM, Huang HW, Dietrich KS, Melvin E (2013) Estimates of seabird incidental catch by pelagic longline fisheries in the South Atlantic Ocean. Anim Conserv 16:141–152
Zollett EA (2009) Bycatch of protected species and other species of concern in US east coast commercial fisheries. Endanger Species Res 9:49–59
Žydelis R, Bellebaum J, Österblom H, Vetemaa M, Schirmeister B, Stipniece A, Dagys M, van Eerden M, Garthe S (2009) Bycatch in gillnet fisheries–an overlooked threat to waterbird populations. Biol Conserv 142:1269–1281
Žydelis R, Small C, French G (2013) The incidental catch of seabirds in gillnet fisheries: a global review. Biol Conserv 162:76–88
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the comments and input on earlier versions of the manuscript by Eric Gilman and Lee Benaka and the two journal referees.
Funding
The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation funded a major part of this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gray, C.A., Kennelly, S.J. Bycatches of endangered, threatened and protected species in marine fisheries. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 28, 521–541 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-018-9520-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-018-9520-7