Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ethical and welfare considerations when using cephalopods as experimental animals

  • Research Paper
  • Published:
Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

When using cephalopods as experimental animals, a number of factors, including morality, quality of information derived from experiments, and public perception, drives the motivation to consider welfare issues. Refinement of methods and techniques is a major step in ensuring protection of cephalopod welfare in both laboratory and field studies. To this end, existing literature that provides details of methods used in the collection, handling, maintenance, and culture of a range of cephalopods is a useful starting point when refining and justifying decisions about animal welfare. This review collates recent literature in which authors have used cephalopods as experimental animals, revealing the extent of use and diversity of cephalopod species and techniques. It also highlights several major issues when considering cephalopod welfare; how little is known about disease in cephalopods and its relationship to senescence and also how to define objective endpoints when animals are stressed or dying as a result of the experiment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adamo SA, Brown WM, King AJ, Mather DL, Mather JA, Shoemaker KL, Wood JB (2000) Agonistic and reproductive behaviours of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis in a semi-natural environment. J Molluscan Stud 66:417–419

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams PM, Hanlon RT, Forsythe JW (1989) Toxic exposure to ethylene dibromide and mercuric chloride: effects on laboratory-reared octopuses. Neurotoxicol Teratol 10:519–523

    Google Scholar 

  • Aitken JP, O’Dor RK, Jackson GD (2005) The secret life of the giant Australian cuttlefish Sepia apama (Cephalopoda): behaviour and energetics in nature revealed through radio acoustic positioning and telemetry (RAPT). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 320:77–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Akiyama N, Ueno S, Nagai A (1997) Effectiveness of Neomysis japonica as an incipient food for the oval squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana. Bull Inst Oceanic Res Develop Tokai Uni 18:83–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson R, Shimek RL (1994) Field observations of Rossia pacifica (Berry, 1911) egg masses. Veliger 37:117–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson RC (1996) Sedating and euthanizing octopuses. Drum and Croaker 27:7–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson RC (2000) The release of a captive-reared giant Pacific octopus. Drum and Croaker 31:7–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson RC, Wood JB (2001) Enrichment for giant Pacific octopuses: happy as a clam? J Appl Anim Welfare Sci 4:157–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson RC, Wood JB, Byrne RA (2002) Octopus senescence: the beginning of the end. J Appl Anim Welfare Sci 5:275–283

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson TJ, Babcock CB (1999) Subcutaneous electromagnetic tagging of benthic Octopus: a preliminary evaluation. Mar Freshwat Res 50:225–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Arkhipkin AI (2004) Diversity in growth and longevity in short-lived animals: squid of the suborder Oegopsina. Mar Freshwat Res 55:341–355

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold JM, Awai M, Carlson B (1990) Hatching of Nautilus embryos in the Waikiki Aquarium. J Cephalopod Biol 1:117

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold JM, Awai M, Carlson BA (1993) Nautilus embryology: egg capsule formation, deposition, and hatching. J Cephalopod Biol 2:51–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold JM, Singley CT, Williams-Arnold LD (1972) Embryonic development and post-hatching survival of the sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes under laboratory conditions. Veliger 14:361–364

    Google Scholar 

  • Balch N, O’Dor RK, Helm P (1985) Laboratory rearing of rhynchoteuthions of the ommastrephid squid Illex illecebrosus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Vie Milieu 35:243–246

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartol IK (2001) Role of aerobic and anaerobic circular mantle muscle fibers in swimming squid: electromyography. Biol Bull 200:59–66

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Batham EJ (1957) Care of eggs by Octopus maorum. Trans R Soc NZ 84:629–638

    Google Scholar 

  • Bazzino G, Gilly WF, Markaida U, Salinas CS (2005) Habitat selection of jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) in the Gulf of California through satellite tagging. Libro de Resumenes, III Simposio Internacional sobre Calamares del Pacifico (23–30 November 2005) y II Taller Internacional en Calamares (01–02 December 2005)

  • Bello G, Rizzi E (1990) Comportamento di tre femmine di Argonauta argo in acquario (Cephalopoda: Argonautidae). Atti Soc ital sci nat mus civ stor nat Milano 131:450–451

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergström BI (1985) Aspects of natural foraging by Sepietta oweniana (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Ophelia 24:65–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanc A, Daguzan J (1998) Artificial surfaces for cuttlefish eggs (Sepia officinalis L.) in Morbihan Bay, France. Fish Res 38:225–231

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanc A, Du Sel GP, Daguzan J (1998) Habitat and diet of early stages of Sepia officinalis L. (Cephalopoda) in Morbihan Bay, France. J Molluscan Stud 64:263–274

    Google Scholar 

  • Boal JG, Gonzales SA (1998) The social behavior of individual oval squids (Sepioteuthis lessoniana) within a captive school. Ethology 104:161–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boal JG, Hylton RA, Gonzalez SA, Hanlon RT (1999) Effects of crowding on the social behavior of cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis). Contemp Topics Lab Anim Sci 38:49–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Boal JG, Ni JN (1996) Ventilation rate of cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, in response to visual stimuli. Veliger 39:342–347

    Google Scholar 

  • Boletzky Sv (1975) The reproductive cycle of Sepiolinae (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Pubbl Staz Zool Napoli 1:84–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Boletzky Sv (1979) Growth and life span of Sepia officinalis under artificial conditions. Rapp Comm Int Mer Medit 25/26:159–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Boletzky Sv (1983a) Sepia officinalis. In: Boyle PR (ed) Cephalopod Life Cycles, Vol I Species Accounts. Academic Press. pp 31–52

  • Boletzky Sv (1983b) Laboratory observations on a female Argonauta argo (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Rapp Comm Int Mer Medit 28:289–290

    Google Scholar 

  • Boletzky Sv (1987) Fecundity variation in relation to intermittent or chronic spawning in the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis L. (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Bull Mar Sci 40:382–388

    Google Scholar 

  • Boletzky Sv (1989) Recent studies on spawning, embryonic development, and hatching in the Cephalopoda. Adv Mar Biol 25:86–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Boletzky Sv (1994) Embryonic development of cephalopods at low temperatures. Antarc Sci 6:139–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Boletzky Sv (1998) Cephalopod eggs and egg masses. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 36:341–371

    Google Scholar 

  • Boletzky Sv, Hanlon RT (1983) A review of the laboratory maintenance, rearing and culture of cephalopod molluscs. Mem Natl Mus Vic 44:147–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Boletzky Sv, Nishiguchi MK, Nabhitabhata J (2005) Idiosepius: ecology, biology, and biogeography of a mini-maximalist. Phuket Mar Biol Cent Res Bull 66:11–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Boletzky Sv, Roeleveld MAC (2000) "Ventral adhesion" to hard substrates: a thigmotactic response in sepiid cuttlefish (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Vie Milieu 50:59–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Boletzky Sv, Rowe L, Aroles L (1973) Spawning and development of the eggs, in the laboratory, of Illex coindetii (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Veliger 15:257–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouchaud O, Daguzan J (1989) Etude du développement de l’oeuf de Sepia officinalis L. (Céphalopode: Sepiidae) en conditions expérimentales. Haliotis 19:189–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Bower JR, Sakurai Y, Yamamoto J, Ishii H (1999) Transport of the ommastrephid squid Todarodes pacificus under cold-water anesthesia. Aquaculture 170:127–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyle PR (1981) Methods for the aquarium maintenance of the common octopus of British waters, Eledone cirrhosa. Lab Anim 15:327–331

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyle PR (1991) The UFAW Handbook on the care and management of cephalopods in the laboratory. Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, 64 pp

  • Boyle PR, Rodhouse P (2005) Cephalopods: Ecology and Fisheries. Blackwell Publishing, 452 pp

  • Bradbury HE, Aldrich FA (1969a) Observations on feeding of the squid Illex illecebrosus illecebrosus (Lesueur 1821) in captivity. Can J Zool 47:913–915

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradbury HE, Aldrich FA (1969b) Observations on locomotion on the short-finned squid, Illex illecebrosus illecebrosus (Lesueur, 1821), in captivity. Can J Zool 47:741–744

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broadhurst MK, Suuronen P, Hulme A (2006) Estimating collateral mortality from towed fishing gear. Fish Fish 7:180–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Brough EJ (1965) Egg-care, eggs and larvae in the midget octopus, Robsonella australis (Hoyle). Trans R Soc NZ 6:7–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunetti N, Ivanovic M, Rossi G, Elena B, Benavides H, Guerrero R, Blanco G, Marchetti C, Pinero R, Harada S (1997) Report of JAMARC-INIDEP joint research cruise on Argentine short-finned squid Illex argentinus, January -March 1997. 39 pp

  • Brunetti N, Rossi G, Ivanovic M, Elena B, Guerrero R, Benavides H, Blanco G, Marchetti C, Suekane RN, Kuroiwa M, Murai T (1996) Final report of the JAMARC-INIDEP joint research cruise on Argentine short-finned squid (Illex argentinus) during January and February 1996. 42 pp

  • Budelmann BU (1995) The cephalopod nervous system: what evolution has made of the molluscan design. In: Breidback O, Kutsch W (eds) The nervous system of invertebrates. An evolutionary and comparative approach. Birkhauser Verlag, pp 115–138

  • Budelmann BU (1998) Autophagy in Octopus. Sth Afr J Mar Sci 20:101–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Buresch KC, Boal JG, Nagle GT, Knowles J, Nobuhara R, Sweeney K, Hanlon RT (2004) Experimental evidence that ovary and oviducal gland extracts influence male agonistic behavior in squids. Bio Bull 206:1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardoso F, Baltazar P, Bautista J (2005) The early development of the Patagonian squid Loligo gahi D’Orbigny, 1835 in Peruvian waters (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae). Rev Peru Biol 12:369–376

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson BA (1987) Collection and aquarium maintenance of Nautilus. In: Saunders WB, Landman NH (eds) Nautilus: the biology and paleobiology of a living fossil. Plenum Press, pp 563–578

  • Carlson BA, McKibben JN, DeGruy MV (1984) Telemetric investigation of vertical migration of Nautilus belauensis in Palau. Pac Sci 38:183–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Castro BG, Garrido JL, Sotelo CG (1992) Changes in composition of digestive gland and mantle muscle of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis during starvation. Mar Biol 114:11–20

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castro BG, Guerra A (1989) Feeding pattern of Sepia officinalis (Cephalopoda: Sepiodidea) in the Ria de Vigo (NW Spain). J Mar Biol Assoc UK 69:545–553

    Google Scholar 

  • Castro BG, Lee PG (1994) The effects of semi-purified diets on growth and condition of Sepia officinalis L. (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Comp Biochem Physiol A: Mol Integr Physiol 109:1007–1016

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Challier L, Dunn MR, Robin J-P (2005) Trends in age-at-recruitment and juvenile growth of cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, from the English Channel. ICES J Mar Sci 62:1671–1682

    Google Scholar 

  • Challier L, Royer J, Robin JP (2002) Variability in age-at-recruitment and early growth in English Channel Sepia officinalis described with statolith analysis. Aquat Living Resour 15:303–311

    Google Scholar 

  • Claes MF, Dunlap PV (2000) Aposymbiotic culture of the sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes: role of the symbiotic bacterium Vibrio fischeri in host animal growth, development, and light organ morphogenesis. J Exp Zool 286:280–296

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins MA, Villanueva R (2006) Taxonomy, ecology and behaviour of the cirrate octopods. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 44:277–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Corner BD, Moore HT (1980) Field observations on the reproductive behaviour of Sepia latimanus. Micronesica 16:235–260

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornwell CJ, Messenger JB, Hanlon RT (1997) Chromatophores and body patterning in the squid Alloteuthis subulata. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 77:1243–1246

    Google Scholar 

  • Correia M, Domingues PM, Sykes A, Andrade JP (2005) Effects of culture density on growth and broodstock management of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758). Aquaculture 245:163–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford K (2002) Culture method for in vitro fertilization to hatching of the squid, Loligo pealeii. Biol Bull 203:216–217

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cronin ER, Seymour RS (2000) Respiration of the eggs of the giant cuttlefish Sepia apama. Mar Biol 136:863–870

    Google Scholar 

  • Crook AC, Baddeley R, Osorio D (2002) Identifying the structure in cuttlefish visual signals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond, Ser B: Biol Sci 357:1617–1624

    Google Scholar 

  • Daly HI, Peck LS (2000) Energy balance and cold adaptation in the octopus Pareledone charcoti. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 245:197–214

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D’Aniello A, D’Onofrio G, Pischetola M, Denuce JM (1989) Effect of pH, salinity and Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and SO 2+4 ions on hatching and viability of Loligo vulgaris embryo. Comp Biochem Physiol, A: Mol Integr Physiol 94A:477–481

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D’Aniello A, Pischetola M, Vanacore F, De Nicola M, Denuce M (1990) Effect of mercury, cadmium and copper on the development and viability of Loligo vulgaris and Sepia officinalis embryos. Italian J Biochem 39:130A–132A

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawe EG, Beck PC, Drew HJ, Winters H (1981) Long-distance migration of a shortifinned squid, Illex illecebrosus. J Northw Atl Fish Sci 2:75–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Dew B (1959) Some observations on the development of two Australian octopuses. Proc R Zool Soc NSW 1957–1958:44–52

    Google Scholar 

  • DiMarco FP, Hanlon RT (1997) Agonistic behavior in the squid Loligo plei (Loliginidae, Teuthoidea): fighting tactics and the effects of size and resource value. Ethology 103:89–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DiMarco FP, Turk PE, Scimeca JM, Browning WJ, Lee PG (1993) Laboratory survival, growth, and digestive gland histologic features of squids reared on living and nonliving fish diets. Lab Anim Sci 43:226–231

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Domain F, Caverivière A, Fall M, Jouffre D (2002) Expériences de marquages du poulpe Octopus vulgaris au Sénégal. In: Caverevière A, Thiam M, Jouffre D (ed) Le poulpe Octopus vulgaris Sénégal et côtes nord-ouest africaines. IRD Èditions, pp 41–58

  • Domingues P, Poirier R, Dickel L, Almansa E, Sykes A, Andrade JP (2003) Effects of culture density and live prey on growth and survival of juvenile cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis. Aquacult Int 11:225–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Domingues PM, Bettencourt V, Guerra A (2006) Growth of Sepia officinalis in captivity and in nature. Vie Milieu 56:109–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Domingues PM, Dimarco FP, Andrade JP, Lee PG (2005) Effect of artificial diets on growth, survival and condition of adult cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis Linnaeus, 1758. Aquacult Int 13:423–440

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Domingues PM, Sykes A, Andrade JP (2002) The effects of temperature in the life cycle of two consecutive generations of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758), cultured in the Algarve (South Portugal). Aquacult Int 10:207–220

    Google Scholar 

  • Durward RD, Vessey E, O’Dor RK, Amaratunga T (1980) Reproduction in the squid, Illex illecebrosus: first observations in captivity and implications for the life cycle. Int Comm Northwest Atl Fish, Sel Pap 6:7–13

    Google Scholar 

  • English S (1981) The biology of two species of estuarine cephalopods from the Sydney region. M.Sc. dissertation, University of Sydney, Sydney, p 125

  • Estacio S, Gonçalves J, Porteiro F, Andrade JP (1999) Comparison of fluorescent bands during staining of statoliths of the squid Loligo forbesi (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae). J Molluscan Stud 65:374–377

    Google Scholar 

  • Eyman M, Crispino M, Kaplan BB, Giuditta A (2003) Squid photoreceptor terminals synthesize calexcitin, a learning related protein. Neurosci Lett 347:21–24

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eyster LS, van Camp LM (2003) Extracellular lipid droplets in Idiosepius notoides, the southern pygmy squid. Biol Bull 205:47–53

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ezzedine-Najai S, Ros J, Guerra A (1995) Tagging of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis L. (Cephalopoda: Decapoda), in the Gulf of Tunis. Sci Mar 61:59–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Fagundez SB, Robaina G (1992) Effects of temperature, salinity and photoperiod on the embryonic development of the squid Sepioteuthis sepioidea (Blainville, 1823). Mem Soc Cien Nat La Salle 52:93–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Fields RI (2006) Hatching of Nautilus pompilius in a closed system using artificial seawater. Drum and Croaker 37:42–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Flores EEC, Igarashi S, Mikami T (1977) Studies on squid behavior in relation to fishing part 2. On the survival of squid Todarodes pacificus in experimental aquarium. Bull Fac Fish Hokkaido Univ 28:137–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Flores EEC, Igarashi S, Mikami T, Kobayashi K (1976) Studies on squid behavior in relation to fishing I On the handling of squid Todarodes pacificus for behavioral study. Bull Fac Fish Hokkaido Univ 27:145–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Forsythe JW (1984) Octopus joubini (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) - a detailed study of growth through the full life-cycle in a closed seawater system. J Zool 202:393–417

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forsythe JW, DeRusha RH, Hanlon RT (1994) Growth, reproduction and life span of Sepia officinalis (Cephalopoda: Mollusca) cultured through seven consecutive generations. J Zool 233:175–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Forsythe JW, Hanlon RT (1980) A closed marine culture system for rearing Octopus joubini and other large-egged benthic octopods. Lab Anim 14:137–142

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forsythe JW, Hanlon RT (1985) Aspects of egg development, post-hatching behaviour, growth and reproductive biology of Octopus burryi Voss, 1950 (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Vie Milieu 35:273–282

    Google Scholar 

  • Forsythe JW, Hanlon RT (1988) Effect of temperature on laboratory growth, reproduction and life span of Octopus bimaculoides. Mar Biol 98:369–379

    Google Scholar 

  • Forsythe JW, Hanlon RT, DeRusha R (1991) Pilot large-scale culture of Sepia in biomedical research. In: Boucaud-Camou E (ed) The Cuttlefish, 1st International Symposium on the Cuttlefish, Sepia. Centre de Publications de l’Université de Caen, pp 313–323

  • Forsythe JW, Hanlon RT, Lee PG (1990) A formulary for treating cephalopod mollusc diseases. In: Perkins FO, Cheng TC (eds) Pathology in Marine Science. Academic Press, pp 51–63

  • Forsythe JW, Lee PG, Walsh LS, Clark T (2002) The effects of crowding on growth of the European cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis Linnaeus, 1758 reared at two temperatures. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 269:173–185

    Google Scholar 

  • Forsythe JW, Toll RB (1991) Clarification of the Western Atlantic Ocean pygmy octopus complex - the identity and life-history of Octopus joubini (Cephalopoda: Octopodinae). Bull Mar Sci 49:88–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabr HR, Hanlon RT, Hanafy MH, El-Etreby SG (1998) Maturation, fecundity and seasonality of reproduction of two commercially valuable cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis and S. dollfusi, in the Suez Canal. Fish Res 36:99–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia Franco M (1992) Anesthetics for the squid Sepioteuthis sepioidea (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Comp Biochem Physiol, C: Toxicol Pharmacol 103:121–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia Garcia B, Cerezo Valverde J (2006) Optimal proportions of crabs and fish in diet for common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) ongrowing. Aquaculture 253:502–511

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilly WF, Markaida U, Baxter CH, Block BA, Boustany A, Zeidberg L, Reisenbichler K, Robison B, Bazzino G, Salinas C (2006) Vertical and horizontal migrations by the jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas revealed by electronic tagging. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 324:1–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonçalves J, Porteiro F, Cardigos F, Martins H (1995) The Azorean adult squid Loligo forbesi (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) in captivity: transport, handling, maintenance, tagging and survival. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) / Mariculture Committee (MC). 15 pp

  • Gowland FC, Boyle PR, Noble LR (2003) Asymmetry in the embryonic chromatophore pattern of the squid Loligo forbesi (Mollusca: Cephalopoda): a proxy for development instability. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 83:1101–1105

    Google Scholar 

  • Guerra A, Castro BG (1988) On the life cycle of Sepia officinalis (Cephalopoda: Sepioidea) in the ria de Vigo (NW Spain). Cah Biol Mar 29:395–405

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall KC, Hanlon RT (2002) Principal features of the mating system of a large spawning aggregation of the giant Australian cuttlefish Sepia apama (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Mar Biol 140:533–545

    Google Scholar 

  • Halm MP, Agin V, Chichery MP, Chichery R (2000) Effect of aging on manipulative behavior in the cuttlefish, Sepia. Physiol Behav 68:543–547

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamada T (1987) Experience with aquarium rearing of Nautilus in Japan. In: Saunders WB, Landman NH (eds) Nautilus: The Biology and Paleobiology of a Living Fossil. Plenum Press, pp 579–584

  • Hamada T, Obata I, Okutani T (1980) Nautilus macromphalus in captivity. Japanese Expert Consultation on Living Nautilus, (JECOLN). Tokai University Press. 80 pp

  • Hanley JS, Shashar N, Smolowitz R, Bullis RA, Mebane WN, Gabr HR, Hanlon RT (1998) Modified laboratory culture techniques for the European cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. Biol Bull 195:223–225

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanley JS, Shashar N, Smolowitz R, Mebane W, Hanlon RT (1999) Soft-sided tanks improve long-term health of cultured cuttlefish. Biol Bull 197:237–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanlon RT (1987) Mariculture. In: Boyle PR (ed) Cephalopod Life Cycles Vol II Comparative Reviews. Academic Press, pp 291–305

  • Hanlon RT (1990) Maintenance, rearing, and culture of teuthoid and sepioid squids. In: Gilbert DL, Adelman WJ, Arnold JM (eds) Squid as experimental animals. Plenum Press, pp 35–62

  • Hanlon RT, Claes MF, Ashcraft SE, Dunlap PV (1997) Laboratory culture of the sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes: a model system for bacteria-animal symbiosis. Biol Bull 192:364–374

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanlon RT, Forsythe JW (1985) Advances in the laboratory culture of octopuses for biomedical research. Lab Anim Sci 35:33–40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanlon RT, Forsythe JW (1990) Diseases of Mollusca: Cephalopoda. In: Kinne O (ed) Diseases of marine animals III: Cephalopoda to Urochardata. Biologische Anstalt, Helgoland, pp 23–46

  • Hanlon RT, Forsythe JW, Cooper KM, Dinuzzo AR, Folse DS, Kelly MT (1984) Fatal penetrating skin ulcers in laboratory reared octopuses. J Invertebr Pathol 44:67–83

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanlon RT, Forsythe JW, Lee PG (1988) External pathologies of cephalopods in captivity. In: Perkins FO, Cheng TC (eds) Pathology in marine science. Academic Press, pp 17–18

  • Hanlon RT, Maxwell MR, Shashar N, Loew ER, Boyle K-L (1999) An ethogram of body patterning behavior in the biomedically and commercially valuable squid Loligo pealei off Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Biol Bull 197:49–62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanlon RT, Messenger JB (1996) Cephalopod behaviour. Cambridge University Press, 232 pp

  • Hanlon RT, Smale MJ, Sauer WHH (2002) The mating system of the squid Loligo vulgaris reynaudii (Cephalopoda, Mollusca) off South Africa: Fighting, guarding, sneaking, mating and egg laying behavior. Bull Mar Sci 71:331–345

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanlon RT, Turk PE, Lee PG (1991) Squid and cuttlefish mariculture: an updated perspective. J Cephalopod Biol 2:31–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt JC (1999) Laboratory observations of the feeding behavior of the cirrate octopod, Grimpoteuthis sp.: one use of cirri. Veliger 42:152–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntingford FA, Adams C, Braithwaite VA, Kadri S, Pottinger TG, Sandøe P, Turnbull JF (2006) Current issues in fish welfare. J Fish Biol 68:332–372

    Google Scholar 

  • Hylleberg J, Nateewathana A (1991) Morphology, internal anatomy, and biometrics of the cephalopod Idiosepius biserialis Voss, 1962. A new record for the Andaman Sea. Phuket Mar Biol Cent Res Bull 56:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Iglesias J, Otero JJ, Moxica C, Fuentes L, Sánchez FJ (2004) The completed life cycle of the octopus (Octopus vulgaris, Cuvier) under culture conditions: paralarval rearing using Artemia and zoeae, and first data on juvenile growth up to 8 months of age. Aquacult Int 12:481–487

    Google Scholar 

  • Ikeda Y, Ito K, Matsumoto G (2004a) Does light intensity affect embryonic development of squid (Heterololigo bleekeri)? J Mar Biol Assoc UK 84:1215–1219

    Google Scholar 

  • Ikeda Y, Sakurai Y, Shimazaki K (1993) Fertilizing capacity of squid (Todarodes pacificus) spermatozoa collected from various sperm storage sites, with special reference to the role of gelatinous substance from oviducal gland in fertilization and embryonic development. Invertebr Reprod Dev 23:39–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Ikeda Y, Sakurazawa I, Ito K, Sakurai Y, Matsumoto G (2005) Rearing of squid hatchlings, Heterololigo bleekeri (Keferstein 1866) up to 2 months in a closed seawater system. Aquacult Res 36:409–412

    Google Scholar 

  • Ikeda Y, Shimazaki K (1995) Does nidamental gland jelly induce the formation of perivitelline space at fertilization in the squid Todarodes pacificus? J Mar Biol Assoc UK 75:495–497

    Google Scholar 

  • Ikeda Y, Ueta Y, Sakurazawa I, Matsumoto G (2004b) Transport of the oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana Ferussac, 1831 in Lesson 1830–1831 (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) for up to 24 h and subsequent transfer to an aquarium. Fish Sci 70:21–27

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Itami K, Izawa Y, Maeda S, Nakai K (1963) Notes on the laboratory culture of octopus larvae. Bull Jap Soc Sci Fish 29:514–520

    Google Scholar 

  • Ito K, Sakurai Y (2001) Effect of low temperature on embryonic development of Loligo bleekeri (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae). Bull Aomori Prefect Fish Exp Stn 1:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson GD (1989) The use of statolith microstructures to analyze life history events in the small tropical cephalopod Idiosepius pygmaeus. Fish Bull 87:265–272

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson GD (1992) Seasonal abundance of the small tropical sepioid Idiosepius pygmaeus (Cephalopoda: Idiosepiidae) at two localitites off Townsville, North Queensland, Australia. Veliger 35:396–397

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson GD (1993) Seasonal variation in reproductive investment in the tropical loliginid squid Loligo chinensis and the small tropical sepioid Idiosepius pygmaeus. Fish Bull 91:260–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson GD (2004) Advances in defining the life histories of myopsid squid. Mar Freshwat Res 55:357–365

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson GD, O’Dor RK, Andrade Y (2005) First tests of hybrid acoustic/archival tags on squid and cuttlefish. Mar Freshwat Res 56:425–430

    Google Scholar 

  • Jantzen TM, Havenhand JN (2003a) Reproductive behavior in the squid Sepioteuthis australis from South Australia: Ethogram of reproductive body patterns. Biol Bull 204:290–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Jantzen TM, Havenhand JN (2003b) Reproductive behavior in the squid Sepioteuthis australis from South Australia: Interactions on the spawning grounds. Biol Bull 204:305–317

    Google Scholar 

  • Joll LM (1977) Growth and food intake of Octopus tetricus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) in aquaria. Aust J Mar Freshw Res 28:45–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasugai T (2000) Reproductive behavior of the pygmy cuttlefishIdiosepius paradoxus in an aquarium. Venus Jap J Malacol 59:37–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasugai T (2001) Feeding behavior of the Japanese pygmy cuttlefish Idiosepius paradoxus (Cephalopoda: Idiosepidae) in captivity: evidence for external digestion? J Mar Biol Assoc UK 81:979–981

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasugai T, Ikeda Y (2003) Description of the egg mass of the pygmy cuttlefish, Idiosepius paradoxus (Cephalopoda: Idiosepiidae) with special reference to its multiple gelatinous layers. Veliger 46:105–110

    Google Scholar 

  • King AJ, Adamo SA, Hanlon RT (2003) Squid egg mops provide sensory cues for increased agonistic behavior between male squid. Anim Behav 66:49–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Koueta N, Boucaud-Camou E (1999) Food intake and growth in reared early juvenile cuttlefish Sepia officinalis L. (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 240:93–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacaze-Duthiers H (1892) Observation d’un Argonaute de la Méditerranée. Arch Zool Exp Gén 10:37–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambooij B, Kloosterboer K, Gerritzen MA, André G, Veldman M, Van De Vis H (2006) Electrical stunning followed by decapitation or chilling of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus): Assessment of behavioural and neural parameters and product quality. Aquacult Res 37:61–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee PG, Turk PE, Forsythe JW, DiMarco FP (1998) Cephalopod culture: physiological, behavioral and environmental requirements. Suisanzoshoku 46:417–422

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee PG, Turk PE, Yang WT, Hanlon RT (1994) Biological characteristics and biomedical applications of the squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana cultured through multiple generations. Biol Bull 186:328–341

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis AR, Choat JH (1993) Spawning mode and reproductive output of the tropical cephalopod Idiosepius pygmaeus. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50:20–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lipiński MR, Roeleveld MAC, Augustyn CJ (1991) Feeding studies on Sepia australis with an assessment of its significance in the Benguela ecosystem. The Cuttlefish, 1st International Symposium on the Cuttlefish, Sepia 117–129

  • Lipinski MR, Soule (this issue) A new direct method of stock assessment of the loliginid squid. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries, doi: 10.1007/s11160-007-9050-1

  • Loi PK, Tublitz NJ (1999) Long term rearing of cuttlefish in a small scale facility. Aqua Sci Conserv 2:135–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Lykkeboe G, Johansen K (1982) A cephalopod approach to rethinking about the importance of the Bohr and Haldane effects. Pac Sci 36:305–313

    Google Scholar 

  • Malham SK, Lacoste A, Gélébart F, Cueff A, Poulet SA (2002) A first insight into stress-induced neuroendocrine and immune changes in the octopus Eledone cirrhosa. Aquat Living Resour 15:187–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Markaida U, Rosenthal JJC, Gilly WF (2005) Tagging studies on the jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Fish Bull 103:219–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Marliave JB (1981) Neustonic feeding in early larvae of Octopus dofleini (Wülker). Veliger 23:350–351

    Google Scholar 

  • Mather J (1986) Sand digging in Sepia officinalis: assessment of a cephalopod mollusc’s “fixed” behavior pattern. J Comp Psychol 100:315–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Mather JA (2001) Animal Suffering: An Invertebrate Perspective. J Appl Anim Welfare Sci 4:151–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Mather JA, Anderson RC (1999) Exploration, play, and habituation in octopuses (Octopus dofleini). J Comp Psychol 113:333–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Mather JA, Anderson RC (in press) Ethics and invertebrates: a cephalopod perspective. Dis Aquat Organ

  • McFall-Ngai MJ (1999) Consequences of evolving with bacterial symbionts: insights from the squid-Vibrio associations. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 30:235–256

    Google Scholar 

  • Messenger JB, Nixon M, Ryan KP (1985) Magnesium chloride as an anesthetic for cephalopods. Comp Biochem Physiol, C: Toxicol Pharmacol Endocrinol 82C:203–205

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mikami S, Okutani T (1977) Preliminary observations on maneuvering, feeding, copulating and spawning behaviors of Nautilus macromphalus in captivity. Venus Jap J Malacol 36:29–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikulich LV, Kozak LP (1971a) Experiment in the keeping of the pacific squid under artificial conditions. Russ J Ecol 2:94–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikulich LV, Kozak LP (1971b) Experimental rearing of pacific ocean squid under artificial conditions. Russ J Ecol 2:266–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Minton JW (2004) The pattern of growth in the early life cycle of individual Sepia pharaonis. Mar Freshwat Res 55:415–422

    Google Scholar 

  • Minton JW, Walsh LS, Lee PG, Forsythe JW (2001) First multi-generation culture of the tropical cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831. Aquacult Int 9:379–392

    Google Scholar 

  • Mladineo I, Valic D, Jozic M (2003) Spawning and early development of Loligo vulgaris Lamarck,1798, under experimental conditions. Acta Adriat 44:77–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Moltschaniwskyj NA, Cappo M (in press) Non-otolith ageing techniques: the use of other techniques to derive estimates of age and growth. In: Green B, Begg G, Carlos G, Mapstone B (eds) Gathering information from Otoliths of tropical fishes

  • Moltschaniwskyj NA, Martínez P (1998) Effect of temperature and food levels on the growth and condition of juvenile Sepia elliptica (Hoyle 1885): an experimental approach. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 229:289–302

    Google Scholar 

  • Moltschaniwskyj NA, Pecl GT (this issue) Spawning aggregations of squid (Sepioteuthis australis) populations: a continuum of ‘microcohorts. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries, doi: 10.1007/s11160-006-9025-7

  • Moltschaniwskyj NA, Semmens JM (2000) Limited use of stored energy reserves for reproduction by the tropical loliginid squid Photololigo sp. J Zool 251:307–313

    Google Scholar 

  • Mori K, Nakamura Y (2001) Migration patterns of the pacific subpopulation of Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus, estimated from tagging experiments. Bull Hokkaido Natl Fish Res Inst 65:21–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Moynihan M (1982) Notes on the behavior of Euprymna scolopes (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae). Behaviour 85:25–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Moynihan M (1983) Notes on the behavior of Idiosepius pygmaeus (Cephalopoda: Idiosepiidae). Behaviour 85:42–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Nabhitabhata J (1994) Rearing of Thai pygmy cuttlefish, Idiosepius thailandicus Chotiyaputta, Okutani, and Chaitiamvong. I: Some biological aspects. Rayong Coastal Aquaculture Station, Rayong Thailand, p 19

    Google Scholar 

  • Nabhitabhata J (1996) Life cycle of cultured big fin squid, Sepiotheutis lessoniana Lesson. Phuket Mar Biol Cent Spec Publ 16:83–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Nabhitabhata J (1997) Life cycle of three cultured generations of spineless cuttlefish, Sepiella inermis (Férussac and D’Orbigny, 1848). Phuket Mar Biol Cent Spec Publ 17:289–298

    Google Scholar 

  • Nabhitabhata J (1998) Distinctive behavior of Thai pygmy squid,Idiosepius thailandicus Chotiyaputta, Okutani, and Chaitiamvong, 1991. Phuket Mar Biol Cent Spec Publ 18:25–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Nabhitabhata J, Asawangkune P, Amornjaruchit S, Promboon P (2001) Tolerance of eggs and hatchlings of neritic cephalopods to salinity changes. Phuket Mar Biol Cent Spec Publ 25:91–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Nabhitabhata J, Nilaphat P (1999) Life cycle of cultured pharaoh cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831. Phuket Mar Biol Cent Spec Publ 19:25–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Nabhitabhata J, Nilaphat P (2000) Behavior of juvenile cephalopods: preference for texture and brightness of substrata. Phuket Mar Biol Cent Spec Publ 21:103–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagasawa K, Takayanagi S, Takami T (1993) Cephalopod tagging and marking in Japan: a review. In: Okutani T, O’Dor RK, Kubodera T (eds) Recent advances in Cephalopod fisheries biology. Tokai University Press, pp 313–329

  • Nakamura Y (1991) Tracking of the mature female of flying squid, Ommastrephes bartramii, by an ultrasonic transmitter. Bull Hokkaido Natl Fish Res Inst 55:205–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura Y (1993) Vertical and horizontal movements of mature females of Ommastrephes bartramii observed by ultrasonic telemetry. In: Okutani T, O’Dor RK, Kubodera T (eds) Recent advances in Cephalopod fisheries biology. Tokai University Press, pp 331–333

  • Natsukari Y (1970) Egg-laying behavior, embryonic development and hatched larva of the pygmy cuttlefish, Idiosepius pygmaeus paradoxus Ortmann. Bull Fac Fish Nagasaki Univ 30:15–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Navarro JC, Villanueva R (2000) Lipid and fatty acid composition of early stages of cephalopods: an approach to their lipid requirements. Aquaculture 183:161–177

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Dor RK, Balch N (1982a) Laboratory observations of midwater spawning by Illex illecebrosus. Northwest Atl Fish Organ Sci Counc Res Doc 82/VI/5:8 pp

  • O’Dor RK, Balch N, Foy EA, Hirtle RWM, Johnston DA, Amaratunga T (1982b) Embryonic development of the squid, Illex illecebrosus, and effect of temperature on development rates. J Northw Atl Fish Sci 3:41–45

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Dor RK, Durward RD, Balch N (1977) Maintenance and maturation of squid (Illex illecebrosus) in a 15 metre circular pool. Biol Bull 153:322–335

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Dor RK, Durward RD, Hirtle RWM, Amaratunga T (1979) Tagging trials on captive squid (Illex illecebrosus). ICNAF Res Doc 79/II/12:10 pp

  • O’Dor RK, Durward RD, Vessey E, Amaratunga T (1980) Feeding and growth in captive squid, Illex illecebrosus, and the influence of food availability on growth in the natural population. Int Comm Northwest Atl Fish, Sel Pap 6:15–21

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Dor RK, Forsythe J, Webber DM, Wells J, Wells MJ (1993) Activity levels of Nautilus in the wild. Nature 362:626–628

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Dor RK, Foy EA, Helm PL, Balch N (1986) The locomotion and energetics of hatchling squid, Illex illecebrosus. Am Malacol Bull 4:55–60

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Dor RK, Helm P, Balch N (1985) Can rhynchoteuthions suspension feed? (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Vie Milieu 35:267–271

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Dor RK, Portner HO, Shadwick RE (1990b) Squid as elite athletes: locomotory, respiratory and circulatory integration. In: Gilbert DL, Adelman WJ, Arnold JM (eds) Squid as experimental animals. Plenum Press, pp 481–503

  • O’Dor RK, Wells J, Wells MJ (1990a) Speed, jet pressure and oxygen consumption relationships in free-swimming Nautilus. J Exp Biol 154:383–396

    Google Scholar 

  • Oestmann DJ, Scimeca JM, Forsythe JW, Hanlon RT, Lee PG (1997) Special considerations for keeping cephalopods in laboratory facilities. Contemp Topics Lab Anim Sci 36:89–93

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oka M (1993) Methods to collect eggs of giant cuttlefish in an aquarium. In: Okutani T, O’Dor RK, Kubodera T (eds) Recent advances in cephalopod fisheries biology. Tokai University Press, pp 397–402

  • Okubo S, Tsujii T, Watabe N, Williams DF (1995) Hatching of Nautilus belauensis Saunders, 1981, in captivity: culture, growth and stable isotope compositions of shells, and histology and immunohistochemistry of the mantle epithelium of the juveniles. Veliger 38:192–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Okumura S, Kurihara A, Iwamoto A, Takeuchi T (2005) Improved survival and growth in Octopus vulgaris paralarvae by feeding large type Artemia and Pacific sandeel, Ammodytes personatus—improved survival and growth of common octopus paralarvae. Aquaculture 244:147–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Omar S, Danakusumah E, Rani C, Siswanto E, Hade A (2001) Incubation period and hatching rate of bigfin squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana, in 24 to 38 (per mill) salinity. Phuket Mar Biol Cent Spec Publ 25:139–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Oosthuizen A, Roberts MJ, Sauer WHH (2002a) Temperature effects on the embryonic development and hatching success of the squid Loligo vulgaris reynaudii. Bull Mar Sci 71:619–632

    Google Scholar 

  • Oosthuizen A, Roberts MJ, Sauer WHH (2002b) Early post-cleavage stages and abnormalities identified in the embryonic development of chokka squid eggs Loligo vulgaris reynaudii. Sth Afr J Mar Sci 24:379–382

    Google Scholar 

  • Packard A, Wurtz M (1994) An octopus, Ocythoe, with a swimbladder and triple jets. Philos Trans R Soc Lond, Ser B: Biol Sci 344:261–275

    Google Scholar 

  • Pascual E (1978) Crecimiento y alimentación de tres generaciones de Sepia officinalis en cultivo. Invest Pesq 42:421–441

    Google Scholar 

  • Pascual S, González AF, Guerra A (2006) Unusual sites of Aggregata octopiana infection in octopus cultured in floating cages. Aquaculture 254:21–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Paulij WP, Herman PMJ, Roozen MEF, Denucé JM (1991) The influence of photoperiodicity on hatching of Sepia officinalis. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 71:665–678

    Google Scholar 

  • Paulij WP, Herman PMJ, Van Hannen EJ, Denucé JM (1990) The impact of photoperiodicity on hatching of Loligo vulgaris and Loligo forbesi. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 70:597–610

    Google Scholar 

  • Pecl GT, Moltschaniwskyj NA (1997) Changes in muscle structure associated with somatic growth in Idiosepius pygmaeus, a small tropical cephalopod. J Zool 242:751–764

    Google Scholar 

  • Pecl GT, Tracey SR, Semmens JM, Jackson GD (2006) Use of acoustic telemetry for spatial management of southern calamary, Sepioteuthis australis, a highly mobile inshore squid species. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 328:1–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Porteiro FM, Martins HR, Hanlon RT (1990) Some observations on the behaviour of adult squids, Loligo forbesi, in captivity. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 70:459–472

    Google Scholar 

  • Portner HO, Webber DM, O’Dor RK, Boutilier RG (1993) Metabolism and energetics in squid (Illex illecebrosus, Loligo pealei) during muscular fatigue and recovery. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 265:R157–165

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quintela J, Andrade JP (2002) Diel feeding rhythms, daily ration and gastric evacuation rates of Sepia officinalis in the Ria Formosa lagoon (South Portugal). Bull Mar Sci 71:665–680

    Google Scholar 

  • Reimschuessel R, Stoskopf MK, Bennett RO (1990) Myocarditis in the common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis). J Comp Pathol 102:291–297

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts D (1997) Factors affecting predatory behaviour of Idiosepius pygmaeus. BSc(Hons) dissertation, James Cook University, Townsville

  • Robinson SMC, Hartwick EB (1986) Analysis of growth based on tag-recapture of the giant Pacific octopus Octopus dofleini martini. J Zool 209:559–572

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakai M, Brunetti N, Ivanovic M, Elena B, Nakamura Y (2004) Interpretation of statolith microstructure in reared hatchling paralarvae of the squid Illex argentinus. Mar Freshwat Res 55:403–413

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakai M, Brunetti NE (1997) Preliminary experiments on artificial insemination of the Argentine shortfin squid Illex argentinus. Fish Sci 63:664–667

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakai M, Brunetti NE, Elena B (1997) Artificial insemination of Illex argentinus. VII Colacmar Congresso Latino-Americano sobre Ciências do Mar, 380–382

  • Sakai M, Brunetti NE, Elena B, Sakurai Y (1998) Embryonic development and hatchlings of Illex argentinus derived from artificial fertilization. Sth Afr J Mar Sci 20:255–265

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakai M, Brunetti NE, Ivanovic M, Elena B (1999) Artificial fertilization (Illex argentinus). In Seninario Final del Proyecto: Avances en Metodos y Tecnologia Aplicados a la Investigacion Pesquera. (ed.), INIDEP-JICA: Mar del Planta, pp 31–33

  • Sakurai Y, Ikeda Y, Shimizu M, Shimazaki K (1993) Feeding and growth of captive adult Japanese common squid (Todarodes pacificus) measuring initial body size by cold anesthesia. In: Okutani T, O’Dor RK, Kubodera T (eds) Recent advances in Cephalopod fisheries biology. Tokai University Press, pp 467–476

  • Sakurai Y, Young RE, Hirota J, Mangold K, Vecchione M, Clarke MR, Bower J (1995) Artificial fertilization and development through hatching in the oceanic squids Ommastrephes bartramii and Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae). Veliger 38:185–191

    Google Scholar 

  • Salman A (1998) Reproductive biology of Sepietta oweniana (Pfeffer, 1908) (Sepiolidae: Cephalopoda) in the Aegean Sea. Sci Mar 62:379–383

    Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez P, Obarti R (1993) The biology and fishery of Octopus vulgaris caught with clay pots on the Spanish Mediterranean coast. In: Okutani T, O’Dor RK, Kubodera T (eds) Recent advances in Cephalopod fisheries biology. Tokai University Press, pp 477–487

  • Sangster CR, Smolowitz RM (2003) Description of Vibrio alginolyticus infection in cultured Sepia officinalis, Sepia apama, and Sepia pharaonis. Biol Bull 205:233–234

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sasaki M (1923) On an adhering habit of a pygmy cuttlefish, Idiosepius pygmaeus Steenstrup. Annot Zool Jpn 10:209–213

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato T (1985) Reports on the squid taggings in New Zealand waters, Part 1 and Part 2. National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries Fishery Agency, Shimizu, p 72

  • Sauer WHH, Lipinski MR, Augustyn CJ (2000) Tag recapture studies of the chokka squid Loligo vulgaris reynaudii d’Orbigny, 1845 on inshore spawning grounds on the south-east coast of South Africa. Fish Res 45:283–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Sauer WHH, Roberts MJ, Lipinski MR, Smale MJ, Hanlon RT, Webber DM, O’Dor RK (1997) Choreography of the squid’s ‘nuptial dance’. Biol Bull 192:203–207

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders WB (1983) Natural rates of growth and longevity of Nautilus belauensis. Paleobiology 9:280–288

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders WB (1984) The role and status of Nautilus in its natural habitat: evidence from deep-water remote camera photosequences. Paleobiology 10:469–486

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders WB, Landman NH (1987) Nautilus: The biology and paleobiology of a living fossil. Plenum Press, 632 pp

  • Saunders WB, Spinosa C (1978) Sexual dimorphism in Nautilus from Palau. Paleobiology 4:349–358

    Google Scholar 

  • Schröder W (1966) Beobachtungen bei der zuchtvon Tintefischen (Sepia officinalis). Sber Ges Naturf Freunde 6:101–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Scimeca JM, Forsythe JW (1999) The use of anesthetic agents in cephalopods. Proc Int Assoc Aquat Anim Med 30:94

    Google Scholar 

  • Segawa S (1990) Food consumption, food conversion and growth rates of the oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana by laboratory experiments. Nippon Suisan Gakkasihi 56:217–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Segawa S (1993) Field and laboratory feeding studies of theJapanese oval squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana. In: Okutani T, O’Dor RK, Kubodera T (eds) Recent advances in Cephalopod fisheries biology. Tokai University Press, pp 499–511

  • Segawa S (1995) Effect of temperature on oxygen consumption of juvenile oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana. Fish Sci 61:743–746

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Segawa S, Nomoto A (2002) Laboratory growth, feeding, oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of Octopus ocellatus. Bull Mar Sci 71:801–813

    Google Scholar 

  • Seibel BA, Thuesen EV, Childress JJ, Gorodezky LA (1997) Decline in pelagic cephalopod metabolism with habitat depth reflects differences in locomotory efficiency. Biol Bull 192:262–278

    Google Scholar 

  • Semmens JM (1993) Structure and function of the cephalopod digestive gland and experimental study on Idiosepius pygmaeus (Family Idiosepiidae). B.Sc. dissertation, James Cook University, Townsville p 80

  • Sen H (2004a) A preliminary study on the effects of different light intensities on hatching of European squid (Loligo vulgaris Lamarck, 1798) eggs. Turk J Fish Aquat Sci 4:1–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen H (2004b) A preliminary study on the effects of salinity on egg development of European squid (Loligo vulgaris Lamarck, 1798). Isr J Aquacult 56:95–101

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen H (2004c) Effects of photoperiodicity on development and incubation of squid (Loligo vulgaris Lamarck, 1798) eggs. Su Urun Derg 21:211–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen H (2005) Incubation of European Squid (Loligo vulgaris Lamarck, 1798) eggs at different salinities. Aquacult Res 36:876–881

    Google Scholar 

  • Seol DW, Lee J, Im SY, Park IS (2007) Clove oil as an anaesthetic for common octopus (Octopus minor, Sasaki). Aquacult Res 38:45–49

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shears J (1988) The use of a sand-coat in relation to feeding and diel activity in the sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes. Malacologia 29:121–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherrill J, Spelman LH, Reidel CL, Montali RJ (2000) Common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) mortality at the National Zoological Park: implications for clinical management. J Zoo Wildlife Med 31:523–531

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinn DL, Apiolaza LA, Moltschaniwskyj NA (2006) Heritability and fitness-related consequences of squid personality traits. J Evol Biol 19:1437–1447

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smale MJ, Buchan PR (1981) Biology of Octopus vulgaris off the East coast of South Africa. Mar Biol 65:1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder S (1986) Successful rearing of Octopus dofleini from hatchling to settlement. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums 1986 Annual Conference Proceedings, pp 781–783

  • Soichi M (1976) On the growth and food quantity of a young common squid, Todarodes pacificus, in captivity. Dosuishi 13:79–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Spinosa C (1987) A small, closed aquarium system for Nautilus. In: Saunders WB, Landman NH (eds) Nautilus: The biology and paleobiology of a living fossil. Plenum Press, pp 585–594

  • Steer MA, Moltschaniwskyj NA, Jordan AR (2003) Embryonic development of southern calamary (Sepioteuthis australis) within the constraints of an aggregated egg mass. Mar Freshwat Res 54:217–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Summers WC (1985) Ecological implications of life stage timing determined from the cultivation of Rossia pacifica (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Vie Milieu 35:249–254

    Google Scholar 

  • Summers WC, Colvin L (1989) On the cultivation of Rossia pacifica (Berry, 1911). J Cephalopod Biol 1:21–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Sykes AV, Domingues PM, Correia M, Andrade JP (2006) Cuttlefish culture - state of the art and future trends. Vie Milieu 56:129–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Sykes AV, Domingues PM, Loyd M, Sommerfield A, Andrade JP (2003) The influence of culture density and enriched environments on the first stage culture of young cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758). Aquacult Int 11:531–544

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka H (2000) Application of biolelemetry for tracking and resource estimation of Ommastrephes bartramii. National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries Fishery Agency, Shimizu, pp 81–98

  • Tanaka H (2001) Tracking the neon flying squid by the biotelemetry system in the central North Pacific Ocean. Aquabiology 137:533–539

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson JT, Kier WM (2001) Ontogeny of mantle musculature and implications for jet locomotion in oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana. J Exp Biol 209:433–443

    Google Scholar 

  • Tracey SR, Steer MA, Pecl GT (2003) Life history traits of the temperate mini-maximalist Idiosepius notoides, (Cephalopoda: Sepioidea). J Mar Biol Assoc UK 83:1297–1300

    Google Scholar 

  • van Camp LM (1997) The effects of temperature and food availability on growth and reproductive output: using a cephalopod model. B.Sc. dissertation, James Cook University, Townsville, 81 pp

  • van Heukelem WF (1977) Laboratory maintenance, breeding, rearing, and biomedical research potential of Yucatan octopus (Octopus maya). Lab Anim Sci 27:852–859

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vidal EAG, DiMarco FP, Wormuth JH, Lee PG (2002a) Optimizing rearing conditions of hatchling loliginid squid. Mar Biol 140:117–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Vidal EAG, DiMarco FP, Wormuth JH, Lee PG (2002b) Influence of temperature and food availability on survival, growth and yolk utilization in hatchling squid. Bull Mar Sci 71:915–931

    Google Scholar 

  • Villanueva R (1994) Decapod crab zoeae as food for rearing cephalopod paralarvae. Aquaculture 128:143–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Villanueva R (1995) Experimental rearing and growth of planktonic Octopus vulgaris from hatching to settlement. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 52:2639–2650

    Google Scholar 

  • Villanueva R (2000a) Differential increment-deposition rate in embryonic statoliths of the loliginid squid Loligo vulgaris. Mar Biol 137:161–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Villanueva R (2000b) Effect of temperature on statolith growth of the European squid Loligo vulgaris during early life. Mar Biol 136:449–460

    Google Scholar 

  • Villanueva R, Riba J, Ruiz-Capillas C, Gonzalez AV, Baeta M (2004) Amino acid composition of early stages of cephalopods and effect of amino acid dietary treatments on Octopus vulgaris paralarvae. Aquaculture 242:455–478

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voight JR (1988) A technique for trapping sandflat octopuses. Am Malacol Bull 6:45–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh LS, Turk PE, Forsythe JW, Lee PG (2002) Mariculture of the lolignid squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana through seven successive generations. Aquaculture 212:245–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward P, Carlson B, Weekly M, Brumbaugh B (1984) Remote telemetry of daily vertical and horizontal movement of Nautilus in Palau. Nature 309:248–250

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward P, Wicksten MK (1980) Food sources and feeding behaviour of Nautilus macromphalus. Veliger 23:119–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward PD (1983) Nautilus macromphalus. In: Boyle PR (ed) Cephalopod life cycles, Vol I species accounts. Academic Press, pp 11–28

  • Ward PD (1987) The natural history of Nautilus. Allen and Unwin. 267 pp

  • Warnke K (1994) Some aspects of social interaction during feeding in Sepia officinalis (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) hatched and reared in the laboratory. Vie Milieu 44:125–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanuki N, Iwashita T (1993) Tags for cuttlefish Sepia esculenta. In: Okutani T, O’Dor RK, Kubodera T (eds) Recent advances in Cephalopod fisheries biology. Tokai University Press, pp 619–625

  • Webber DM, O’Dor RK (1985) Respiration and swimming performance of short-finned squid (Illex illecebrosus). NAFO Sci Coun Studies 9:133–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Webber DM, O’Dor RK (1986) Monitoring the metabolic rate and activity of free-swimming squid with telemetered jet pressure. J Exp Biol 126:205–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells MJ (1962) Brain and behaviour in cephalopods. Heinemann. 171 pp

  • Wells MJ (1978) Octopus: physiology and behaviour of an advanced invertebrate. Chapman and Hall. 417 pp

  • Wells MJ, Wells J (1985) Ventilation and oxygen uptake by Nautilus. J Exp Biol 118:297–312

    Google Scholar 

  • Westermann B, Beck-Schildwachter I, Beuerlein K, Kaleta EF, Schipp R (2004) Shell growth and chamber formation of aquarium-reared Nautilus pompilius (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) by X-ray analysis. J Exp Zool, A: Comp Exp Biol 301A:930–937

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood JB, Kenchington E, O’Dor RK (1998) Reproduction and embryonic development time of Bathypolypus arcticus, a deep-sea octopod (Cephalopoda: Octopoda). Malacologia 39:11–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamada H, Kattho K (1987) Report on the arrow squid tagging survey in the New Zealand waters in December 1985–January 1986. Far Seas Fisheries Laboratory S Series 15:47

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto M (1988) Normal embryonic stages of the pygmy cuttlefish, Idiosepius pygmaeus paradoxus Ortmann. Zool Sci 5:989–998

    Google Scholar 

  • Yatsu A, Tafur R, Maravi C (1999a) Embryos and rhynchoteuthion paralarvae of the jumbo flying squid Dosidicus gigas (Cephalopoda) obtained through artificial fertilization from Peruvian waters. Fish Sci 65:904–908

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yatsu A, Yamanaka K, Yamashiro C (1999b) Tracking experiments of the jumbo flying squid, Dosidicus gigas, with an ultrasonic telemetry system in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Bull Nat Res Inst Far Seas Fish 36:55–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Yau C, Boyle PR (1996) Ecology of Sepiola atlantica (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) in the shallow sublittoral zone. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 76:733–748

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young JZ (1960) Observations on Argonauta and especially its method of feeding. Proc Zool Soc Lond 133:471–479

    Google Scholar 

  • Young JZ (1971) The anatomy of the nervous system of Octopus vulgaris. Clarendon Press, 690 pp

  • Zann LP (1984) The rhythmic activity of Nautilus pompilius, with notes on its ecology and behavior in Fiji. Veliger 27:19–28

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This paper was produced as a result of a workshop held as part of CIAC ’06 on Feb 2–3 2006, in which we discussed issues associated with using cephalopods as experimental animals. We would like to thank the School of Aquaculture, University of Tasmania for hosting the workshop. JEARM’s participation in the CIAC 2006 Symposium was funded by the Provost’s Office for Graduate Studies (USP), FAPESP, and CAPES/PROAP. RV was supported by the Centre de Referència de Recerca i Desenvolupament en Aqüicultura, CIRIT, Generalitat de Catalunya and the Programa para Movilidad de Investigadores of the Spanish Ministry of Science.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Aquaculture, Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania, 7250, Australia

    N. A. Moltschaniwskyj & R. Van Gelderen

  2. Murray-Darling Freshwater Research Centre, Albury, Australia

    K. Hall

  3. Marine and Coastal Management, DEAT, Cape Town, South Africa

    Marek R. Lipinski

  4. Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

    J. E. A. R. Marian

  5. Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, USA

    M. Nishiguchi

  6. National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries, Shizuoka, Japan

    M. Sakai

  7. Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, USA

    D. J. Shulman

  8. School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia

    B. Sinclair

  9. School of Zoology, Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia

    D. L. Sinn

  10. Department of Natural Resources Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, USA

    M. Staudinger

  11. Institut de Ciencies del Mar (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain

    R. Villanueva

  12. Paläontologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    K. Warnke

Authors
  1. N. A. Moltschaniwskyj
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. K. Hall
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Marek R. Lipinski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. J. E. A. R. Marian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. M. Nishiguchi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. M. Sakai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. D. J. Shulman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. B. Sinclair
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. D. L. Sinn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. M. Staudinger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. R. Van Gelderen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. R. Villanueva
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. K. Warnke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to N. A. Moltschaniwskyj.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Moltschaniwskyj, N.A., Hall, K., Lipinski, M.R. et al. Ethical and welfare considerations when using cephalopods as experimental animals. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 17, 455–476 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-007-9056-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-007-9056-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation