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Generation of oxidative radicals by advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in wastewater treatment: a mechanistic, environmental and economic review

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Abstract

In light of the rising presence of contaminants of emerging concern in water streams, in recent decades, advanced oxidation processes have received significant research interest, as the generation of oxidative radicals allows for the effective degradation of recalcitrant compounds. This review paper provides insights into the most relevant generation methods of several oxidative species, with a main emphasis on hydroxyl, sulfate, chlorine and iodine radicals. Understanding the strengths and pitfalls of each generation route is essential to set the baseline for future industrial applications. To this end, this review presents a comprehensive summary of how different techniques result in distinct radical types, and in addition to the principles and mechanisms of formation, the environmental and economic aspects behind the different methods are discussed.

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Abbreviations

AFT:

Anodic Fenton treatment

AOP(s):

Advanced oxidation process(es)

BDD:

Boron-doped diamond

CDRs:

Chlorine-derived radicals

CECs:

Contaminants of emerging concern

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

DSAs:

Dimensionally stable anodes

eAOPs:

Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes

EDDS:

[S,S]-Ethylene-diamine-disuccinic acid

EDTA:

Ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid

EE2:

Ethinylestradiol

FCE:

Freeze concentration effect

FFA:

Furfuryl alcohol

GAC:

Granular activated carbon

LGSFY:

Light green SF yellowish

MMO:

Mixed metal oxide

NOM:

Natural organic matter

PDS:

Peroxydisulfate

PFOA:

Perfluorooctanoic acid

PMS:

Peroxymonosulfate

PPCP(s):

Pharmaceuticals and personal care product(s)

RNS:

Reactive nitrogen species

SR-AOP(s):

Sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation process(es)

TN:

Total nitrogen

TOC:

Total organic carbon

UV:

Ultraviolet

WAO:

Wet air oxidation

(n)ZVI:

(nano) Zero-valent ion

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Acknowledgements

The research leading to these results received funding from the European Union’s EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020 under Grant Agreement No 861369 (MSCA-ETN InnovEOX) and from the KU Leuven Industrial Research Council under grant numbers C24E/19/040 (SO4ELECTRIC) and C3/20/094 (Sani-TRouBLe).

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  1. Process and Environmental Technology Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Jan Pieter de Nayerlaan 5, 2860, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium

    Sara Feijoo, Xiaobin Yu, Mohammadreza Kamali, Lise Appels & Raf Dewil

  2. Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom

    Raf Dewil

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Feijoo, S., Yu, X., Kamali, M. et al. Generation of oxidative radicals by advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in wastewater treatment: a mechanistic, environmental and economic review. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 22, 205–248 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-023-09645-4

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