Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Synthesis of C60/Cd0.5Zn0.5S nanocomposite with high photocatalytic activity for the degradation of Rhodamine B

  • Published:
Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Herein, the C60/Cd0.5Zn0.5S (C60/CZS) photocatalysts with excellent photocatalytic performance were prepared using facile one-pot hydrothermal method. The crystal structure, morphology, photoelectric performance and photocatalytic activity of the samples were characterized by XRD, XPS, UV–Vis and electrochemistry. The catalytic degradation of pollutants under the irradiation of visible light was simulated using Rhodamine B (Rh B). The content of C60 was changed from 0.5 to 5 wt%, and the optimal value for the photocatalytic activity was determined to be 2 wt%. The apparent degradation rate and degradation efficiency of Rh B were 0.024 min−1 and 97.5% within 140 min, which is 3.4 times that of pure CZS. C60/CZS exhibited excellent catalytic performance, and its photocatalytic activity was sustained even after three cycles. Moreover, electrochemical test results demonstrated that the separation and transfer of photocarriers on CZS surface were effectively improved by C60, thus enhancing its activity. In this study, we innovatively prepared a novel photocatalyst by combining fullerenes with sulfide solid solution for the first time, which has rarely been studied in the past. The synthetic method is simple, efficient and pollution-free. Subsequently, the catalytic degradation of Rh B experiment confirmed that the catalyst has high catalytic efficiency and stability. This experiment has practical significance not only for the catalytic degradation of Rh B but also for the application of fullerene in photocatalysis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

source: 300 W xenon lamp coupled with a 420 nm cutoff filter)

Fig. 7

source: 300 W xenon lamp coupled with a 420 nm cutoff filter)

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

References

  1. Feng X, Maier S, Salmeron M (2012) Water splits epitaxial graphene and intercalates. J Am Chem Soc 134:5662–5668. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja3003809

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Hoffmann MR, Martin ST, Choi W, Bahnemann DW (1995) Environmental applications of semiconductor photocatalysis. J Chem Rev 95:69–96. https://doi.org/10.1021/CR00033A004

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Chen X, Mao SS (2007) Titanium dioxide nanomaterials: synthesis, properties, modifications, and applications. Chem Rev 107:2891–2959. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr0500535

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Ke D, Liu S, Dai K, Zhou J, Na N, Peng T (2009) CdS/regenerated cellulose nanocomposite films for highly efficient photocatalytic H2 production under visible light irradiation. J Phys Chem C. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp903378q

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Kudo A, Miseki Y (2009) Heterogeneous photocatalyst materials for water splitting. Chem Soc Rev 38:253–278. https://doi.org/10.1039/b800489g

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Iqbal S, Pan Z, Zhou K (2017) Enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from in situ formation of few-layered MoS2/CdS nanosheet-based van der Waals heterostructures. Nanoscale 9:6638–6642. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7nr01705g

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Shi R, Ye HF, Liang F, Wang Z, Li K, Weng Y, Lin Z, Fu WF, Che CM, Chen Y (2018) Interstitial P-doped CdS with long-lived photogenerated electrons for photocatalytic water splitting without sacrificial agents. Adv Mater. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201705941

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Wu J-C, Zheng J, Wu P, Xu R (2011) Study of native defects and transition-metal (Mn, Fe Co, and Ni) doping in a zinc-blende CdS photocatalyst by DFT and hybrid DFT calculations. J Phys Chem C. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp109567c

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Luo M, Liu Y, Hu J, Liu H, Li J (2012) One-pot synthesis of CdS and Ni-doped CdS hollow spheres with enhanced photocatalytic activity and durability. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4:1813–1821. https://doi.org/10.1021/am3000903

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Zhong W, Huang X, Xu Y, Yu H (2018) One-step facile synthesis and high H2-evolution activity of suspensible CdxZn1-xS nanocrystal photocatalysts in a S2-/SO32- system. Nanoscale 10:19418–19426. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nr06883f

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Li Q, Meng H-H, Zhou P, Zheng Y, Wang J, Yu J, Gong JR (2013) ZnO1-xCdxS solid solutions with controlled bandgap and enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H2-production activity. J ACS Catal 3:882–889. https://doi.org/10.1021/CS4000975

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Chen J, Chen J, Li Y (2017) Hollow ZnCdS dodecahedral cages for highly efficient visible-light-driven hydrogen generation. J Mater Chem A. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA07587A

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Yu G, Zhang W, Sun Y, Xie T, Ren A-M, Zhou X, Liu G (2016) A highly active cocatalyst-free semiconductor photocatalyst for visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution: synergistic effect of surface defects and spatial bandgap engineering. J Mater Chem A. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA03803D

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Shen C-C, Liu Y-N, Zhou X, Guo H-L, Zhao Z, Liang K, Xu A-W (2017) High improvement of visible-light photocatalytic H2-evolution based on cocatalyst-free Zn0.5Cd0.5S synthesized by a two-step process. Catal Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CY02382G

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Wu L, Gong J, Ge L, Han C, Fang S, Xin Y, Li Y, Lu Y (2016) AuPd bimetallic nanoparticles decorated Cd0.5Zn0.5S photocatalysts with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H2 production activity. Int J Hydrog Energy 41:14704–14712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.04.157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Tang L, Kuai L, Li Y, Li H, Zhou Y, Zou Z (2018) ZnxCd1-xS tunable band structure-directing photocatalytic activity and selectivity of visible-light reduction of CO2 into liquid solar fuels. Nanotechnology 29:064003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aaa272

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Xue W, Chang W, Hu X, Fan J, Liu E (2021) 2D mesoporous ultrathin Cd0.5Zn0.5S nanosheet: fabrication mechanism and application potential for photocatalytic H2 evolution. Chin J Catal 42:152–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(20)63593-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Liu T, Li Q, Qiu S, Wang Q, Peng X, Yuan H, Wang X (2020) Construction of Zn0.5Cd0.5S nanosheets and the hybridization with onion-like carbon for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production. Appl Surf Sci 525:146586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.146586

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Peng S, An R, Li Y, Lu G, Li S (2012) Remarkable enhancement of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution over Cd0.5Zn0.5S by bismuth-doping. Int J Hydrog Energy 37:1366–1374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.09.140

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Ong W-J, Yeong J-J, Tan L-L, Goh BT, Yong S-T, Chai S-P (2014) Synergistic effect of graphene as a co-catalyst for enhanced daylight-induced photocatalytic activity of Zn0.5Cd0.5S synthesized via an improved one-pot co-precipitation-hydrothermal strategy. RSC Adv 4:59676–59685. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA10467F

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Du H, Xie X, Zhu Q, Lin L, Jiang YF, Yang ZK, Zhou X, Xu AW (2015) Metallic MoO2 cocatalyst significantly enhances visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen production over Mo2/Zn0.5Cd0.5S heterojunction. Nanoscale 7:5752–5759. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4nr06949h

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Lebedeva MA, Chamberlain TW, Khlobystov AN (2015) Harnessing the synergistic and complementary properties of fullerene and transition-metal compounds for nanomaterial applications. Chem Rev 115:11301–11351. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00005

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Chai B, Liao X, Song F, Zhou H (2014) Fullerene modified C3N4 composites with enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. Dalton Trans 43:982–989. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3dt52454j

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Krätschmer W, Lamb LD, Fostiropoulos K, Huffman DR (1990) Solid C60: a new form of carbon. Nature 347:354–358. https://doi.org/10.1038/347354a0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Qi K, Selvaraj R, Al Fahdi T, Al-Kindy S, Kim Y, Wang G-C, Tai C-W, Sillanpää M (2016) Enhanced photocatalytic activity of anatase-TiO2 nanoparticles by fullerene modification: a theoretical and experimental study. Appl Surf Sci 387:750–758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.06.134

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Guo W, Tian Y, Jiang L (2013) Asymmetric ion transport through ion-channel-mimetic solid-state nanopores. Acc Chem Res 46:2834–2846. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar400024p

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Zhu S, Xu T, Fu H, Zhao J, Zhu Y (2007) Synergetic effect of Bi2WO6 photocatalyst with C60 and enhanced photoactivity under visible irradiation. Environ Sci Technol 41:6234–6239. https://doi.org/10.1021/es070953y

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Wang S, Liu C, Dai K, Cai P, Chen H, Yang C, Huang Q (2015) Fullerene C70–TiO2 hybrids with enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. J Mater Chem A 3:21090–21098. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA03229F

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Lente G (2015) Deterministic kinetics in chemistry and system biology: the dynamics of complex reaction networks. Springer, Berlin

    Book  Google Scholar 

  30. Yu J, Ma T, Liu G, Cheng B (2011) Enhanced photocatalytic activity of bimodal mesoporous titania powders by C60 modification. Dalton Trans 40:6635–6644. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1dt10274e

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Sahoo PP, Maggard PA (2013) Crystal chemistry, band engineering, and photocatalytic activity of the LiNb3O8-CuNb3O8 solid solution. Inorg Chem 52:4443–4450. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic302649s

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Ge L, Liu J (2011) Efficient visible light-induced photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange by QDs sensitized CdS-Bi2WO6. Appl Catal B 105:289–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2011.04.016

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Xu Y, Zhang W-D (2015) CdS/g-C3N4 hybrids with improved photostability and visible light photocatalytic activity. Eur J Inorg Chem 10:1744–1751. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201403193

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Sun Y-J, Jiang J-Z, Cao Y, Liu Y, Wu S-L, Zou J (2018) Facile fabrication of g-C3N4/ZnS/CuS heterojunctions with enhanced photocatalytic performances and photoconduction. Mater Lett 212:288–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2017.10.111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Chen A, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Tang H-Q (2021) Preparation of a zinc-based metal-organicframework (MOF-5)/BiOBr heterojunction for photodegradation of Rhodamine B. Reac Kinet Mech Cat 134:1003–1015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11144-021-02107-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Premalatha N, Rajalakshmi P, Miranda LR (2022) Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B over TiO2/g-C3N4 and immobilized TiO2/g-C3N4 on stainless steel wire gauze under UV and visible light: a detailed kinetic analysis and mechanism of degradation. Reac Kinet Mech Cat. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11144-022-02154-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Martínez-de la Cruz A, Hernández-Uresti DB, Torres-Martínez LM et al (2012) Photocatalyticproperties of PbMoO4 synthesized by a hydrothermal reaction. Reac Kinet Mech Cat 107:467–475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11144-012-0482-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Qi S-Y, Wang D-P, Zhao Y-D, Xu H-Y (2019) Core-shell g-C3N4@Zn0.5Cd0.5S heterojunction photocatalysts with high photocatalytic activity for the degradation of organic dyes. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 30:5284–5296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-019-00828-w

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Li Q, Li X, Wageh S, Al-Ghamdi A, Yu J (2015) CdS/graphene nanocomposite photocatalysts. Adv Eng Mater. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201500010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Hu Z, Liu G, Chen X-Q, Shen Z, Yu J (2016) Enhancing charge separation in metallic photocatalysts: a case study of the conducting molybdenum dioxide. Adv Funct Mater. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201600239

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China

    Hewei Zhang, Congcong Duan, Zhen Xu & Jiahang Yin

Authors
  1. Hewei Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Congcong Duan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Zhen Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jiahang Yin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by HZ, CD, ZX and JY. The first draft of the manuscript was written by HZ and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hewei Zhang.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhang, H., Duan, C., Xu, Z. et al. Synthesis of C60/Cd0.5Zn0.5S nanocomposite with high photocatalytic activity for the degradation of Rhodamine B. Reac Kinet Mech Cat 135, 1099–1111 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11144-022-02187-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11144-022-02187-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation