Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this study was to translate and adapt the Italian version of the Chronic Pain Coping Inventory (CPCI) and validate the translation in subjects with chronic non-specific pain of the locomotor system.
Methods
The questionnaire was developed following international recommendations. The psychometric analyses included factor analysis, reliability by internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) and test–retest reliability (intraclass coefficient correlation, ICC), and construct validity by calculating the correlations between the subscales of the CPCI with measures of pain (numerical rating scale, NRS), disability (SIP-Roland Scale) and depression (CES-D) (Pearson’s correlation).
Results
The CPCI was satisfactorily administered to 270 subjects with chronic non-specific pain. Results of confirmatory factor analyses revealed that, of the CPCI-I 8 subscales, 6 demonstrated good data-model fit (CFI and NFI ≥0.90, RMSEA ≤0.08). Cronbach’s alpha was satisfactory in all of the subscales (0.71–0.80); the ICCs were good/excellent in all of the subscales (0.80–0.91). The correlations with the NRS, SIP-Roland and CES-D were poor in most cases as only the CPCI-Guarding subscale moderately correlated with disability (r = 0.31).
Conclusion
The CPCI was successfully translated into Italian and proved to have a good factorial structure and psychometric properties similar to the original and adapted versions. The use of the Italian version of the CPCI is recommended for clinical and research purposes.
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Abbreviations
- CPCI:
-
Chronic Pain Coping Inventory
- CPCI-I:
-
Chronic Pain Coping Inventory, Italian version
- α:
-
Cronbach’s alpha
- ICC:
-
Intraclass correlation coefficient
- r :
-
Pearson’s correlation
- NRS:
-
Numerical rating scale
- CES-D:
-
Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale
- Nos:
-
Numbers
- SD:
-
Standard deviation
- CI:
-
Confidence interval
- NSAIDs:
-
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- NIDDM:
-
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
- CFI:
-
Comparative fit index
- NFI:
-
Normed fit index
- RMSEA:
-
Root-mean-square error of approximation
- BS:
-
Bollen Stein
- CFA:
-
Confirmatory factor analysis
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Kevin Smart for his help in preparing the English version of this paper.
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IRB approval: The Institutional Review Board approved the study, which was conducted in conformity with ethical and humane principles of research.
Appendix: CPCI—Chronic Pain Coping Inventory—Italian version
Appendix: CPCI—Chronic Pain Coping Inventory—Italian version
Durante la scorsa settimana per quanto giorni ha usato ciascuna delle seguenti strategie per fronteggiare il dolore che prova? Per cortesia, indichi il numero dei giorni in cui ha utilizzato ciascuna strategia di seguito elencata.
Domanda | Numero dei giorni | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Ho visualizzato un’immagine calmante o distraente per rilassarmi | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
2. Ho ignorato il dolore | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
3. Ho riposato | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
4. Ho ricevuto sostegno da un amico | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
5. Ho chiesto a qualcuno di fare qualcosa per me | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
6. Ho ricordato a me stesso che le cose potrebbero andare peggio | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
7. Ho evitato di utilizzare parti del mio corpo (per esempio, mano, braccio o gamba) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
8. Mi sono concentrato a rilassare i miei muscoli | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
9. Disteso sul pavimento, mi sono allungato e ho mantenuto la posizione per almeno 10 secondi | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
10. Ho detto a me stesso che le cose andranno meglio | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
11. Ho ricevuto supporto da un familiare | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
12. Mi sono riposato il più possibile | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
13. Ho parlato con qualcuno a me caro | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
14. Ho chiamato un amico al telefono, per sentirmi meglio | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
15. Ho pensato a tutte le cose belle che possiedo | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
16. Ho chiesto aiuto per svolgere un lavoro | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
17. Ho detto a me stesso che il dolore migliorerà | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
18. Non ho permesso che il dolore interferisse con le mie attività | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
19. Ho svolto attività aerobica (esercizio che fa battere il mio cuore più veloce) per almeno 15 minuti | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
20. Ho ridotto il cammino a causa del dolore | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
21. Non ho prestato attenzione al dolore | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
22. Ho zoppicato per ridurre il dolore | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
23. Ho meditato per ridurre le mie tensioni | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
24. Disteso sulla mia schiena, mi sono allungato, e ho mantenuto la posizione per almeno 10 secondi | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
25. Ho tenuto una parte del mio corpo (per esempio il braccio) in una posizione particolare | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
26. Ho chiesto aiuto per trasportare, sollevare o spingere oggetti | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
27. Mi sono esercitato per migliorare la mia condizione fisica generale per almeno 5 minuti | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
28. Ho parlato con un amico o un familiare per ricevere sostegno | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
29. Ho ricordato a me stesso che ci sono persone che stanno peggio di me | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
30. Ho limitato il mio tempo in piedi | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
31. Mi sono coricato sul letto | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
32. Ho evitato alcune attività fisiche (sollevare, spingere, trasportare oggetti) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
33. Ho usato tecniche di auto-ipnosi per rilassarmi | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
34. Ho continuato ad andare avanti | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
35. Ho allungato i miei muscoli, fino a sentire dolore, mantenendo la posizione per almeno 10 secondi | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
36. Ho evitato di svolgere le mie attività | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
37. Sono andato in una stanza da solo per riposarmi | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
38. Ho usato una respirazione lenta e profonda per rilassarmi | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
39. Mi sono esercitato per rinforzare i muscoli della mia schiena per almeno 1 minuto | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
40. Ho chiesto a qualcuno di prendermi qualcosa (ad esempio, medicine, alimenti, bevande) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
41. Non ho lasciato che il dolore influisse su ciò che stavo facendo | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
42. Mi sono coricato sul divano | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
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Monticone, M., Ferrante, S., Giorgi, I. et al. Development of the Italian version of the 42-item Chronic Pain Coping Inventory, CPCI-I: cross-cultural adaptation, factor analysis, reliability and validity. Qual Life Res 22, 1459–1465 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-012-0271-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-012-0271-y