Abstract
Using a structural analysis, this study examines the relationship between job satisfaction among 315 mental health professionals from the province of Quebec (Canada) and a wide range of variables related to provider characteristics, team characteristics, processes, and emergent states, and organizational culture. We used the Job Satisfaction Survey to assess job satisfaction. Our conceptual framework integrated numerous independent variables adapted from the input-mediator-output-input (IMOI) model and the Integrated Team Effectiveness Model (ITEM). The structural equation model predicted 47% of the variance of job satisfaction. Job satisfaction was associated with eight variables: strong team support, participation in the decision-making process, closer collaboration, fewer conflicts among team members, modest knowledge production (team processes), firm affective commitment, multifocal identification (emergent states) and belonging to the nursing profession (provider characteristics). Team climate had an impact on six job satisfaction variables (team support, knowledge production, conflicts, affective commitment, collaboration, and multifocal identification). Results show that team processes and emergent states were mediators between job satisfaction and team climate. To increase job satisfaction among professionals, health managers need to pursue strategies that foster a positive climate within mental health teams.
Similar content being viewed by others
Change history
13 November 2017
The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake in the author group section. The family name of Dr. François should be “Chiocchio” not “Chiochio.”
References
World Health Organization. Mental disorders affect one in four people. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
Prins MA, Verhaak PFM, van der Meer K, Penninx BWJH, Bensing JM. Primary care patients with anxiety and depression: Need for care from the patient's perspective. J Affect Disord. 2009;119(1–3):163–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.03.019.
Fleury MJ, Grenier G, Bamvita JM, Perreault M, Caron J. Variables associated with perceived unmet need for mental health care in a Canadian epidemiologic catchment area. Psychiatr Serv. 2016;67(1):78–85. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201400363.
Meadows GN, Burgess PM. Perceived need for mental health care: findings from the 2007 Australian Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2009;43(7):624–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048670902970866.
Department of Health. No health without mental health: A cross-government mental health outcomes strategy of all ages. England: National Health Service; 2011.
Commonwealth of Australia. Fourth National Mental Health Plan- An agenda for collaborative government action in mental health 2009-2004. Commonwealth of Australia; 2009.
Thiebaut GC, Farand L, Fleury MJ. Policies and mental health action plans in OECD: lessons for Quebec? Sante Ment Que. 2014;39(1):65–84.
Evans S, Huxley P, Gately C, Webber M, Mears A, Pajak S, et al. Mental health, burnout and job satisfaction among mental health social workers in England and Wales. Br J Psychiatry. 2006;188:75–80. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.188.1.75.
Korner M, Wirtz MA, Bengel J, Goritz AS. Relationship of organizational culture, teamwork and job satisfaction in interprofessional teams. BMC Health Serv Res. 2015;15:243. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-015-0888-y.
Proenca EJ. Team dynamics and team empowerment in health care organizations. Health Care Manag Rev. 2007;32(4):370–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.HMR.0000296786.29718.86.
Grumbach K, Bodenheimer T. Can health care teams improve primary care practice? JAMA. 2004;291(10):1246–51. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.10.1246.
Quaschning K, Korner M, Wirtz M. Analyzing the effects of shared decision-making, empathy and team interaction on patient satisfaction and treatment acceptance in medical rehabilitation using a structural equation modeling approach. Patient Educ Couns. 2013;91(2):167–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2012.12.007.
Kilpatrick K, Lavoie-Tremblay M, Ritchie JA, Lamothe L. Advanced practice nursing, health care teams, and perceptions of team effectiveness. Health Care Manag (Frederick). 2011;30(3):215–26. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCM.0b013e318225e03a.
Chang WY, Ma JC, Chiu HT, Lin KC, Lee PH. Job satisfaction and perceptions of quality of patient care, collaboration and teamwork in acute care hospitals. J Adv Nurs. 2009;65(9):1946–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05085.x.
Lemieux-Charles L, McGuire WL. What do we know about health care team effectiveness? A review of the literature. Med Care Res Rev. 2006;63(3):263–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077558706287003.
Mohr DC, Young GJ, Meterko M, Stolzmann KL, White B. Job satisfaction of primary care team members and quality of care. Am J Med Qual. 2011;26(1):18–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1062860610373378.
Acker GM. The effect of organizational conditions (role conflict, role ambiguity, opportunities for professional development, and social support) on job satisfaction and intention to leave among social workers in mental health care. Community Ment Health J. 2004;40(1):65–73.
West CP, Huschka MM, Novotny PJ, Sloan JA, Kolars JC, Habermann TM, et al. Association of perceived medical errors with resident distress and empathy: a prospective longitudinal study. JAMA. 2006;296(9):1071–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.296.9.1071.
Zantinge EM, Verhaak PF, de Bakker DH, van der Meer K, Bensing JM. Does burnout among doctors affect their involvement in patients' mental health problems? A study of videotaped consultations. BMC Fam Pract. 2009;10:60. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2296-10-60.
Bovier PA, Arigoni F, Schneider M, Gallacchi MB. Relationships between work satisfaction, emotional exhaustion and mental health among Swiss primary care physicians. Eur J Pub Health. 2009;19(6):611–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckp056.
Chen KY, Yang CM, Lien CH, Chiou HY, Lin MR, Chang HR, et al. Burnout, job satisfaction, and medical malpractice among physicians. Int J Med Sci. 2013;10(11):1471–8. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.6743.
Faragher EB, Cass M, Cooper CL. The relationship between job satisfaction and health: a meta-analysis. Occup Environ Med. 2005;62:105–12.
Levy PE, Willams JR. The role of perceived system knowledge in predicting appraisal reactions, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. J Organ Behav. 1998;19:53–65.
Dormann C, Zapf D. Job satisfaction: a meta-analysis of stabilities. J Organ Behav. 2001;22:483–504.
Fisher CD. Why do lay people believe that satisfaction and performance are correlated? Possible sources of a commonsense theory. J Organ Behav. 2003;24:753–77.
Ilgen DR, Hollenbeck JR, Johnson M, Jundt D. Teams in organizations: from input-process-output models to IMOI models. Annu Rev Psychol. 2005;56:517–43. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070250.
Mathieu J, Maynard MT, Rapp T, Gilson L. Team Effectiveness 1997-2007: A review of recent advancements and a glimpse into the future. J Manag. 2008;34:410–77.
Onyett S. Revisiting job satisfaction and burnout in community mental health teams. J Ment Health. 2011;20(2):198–209.
Happell B, Martin T, Pinikahana J. Burnout and job satisfaction: a comparative study of psychiatric nurses from forensic and a mainstream mental health service. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2003;12(1):39–47.
Gavartina A, Zaroti S, Szecsenyi J, Miksch A, Ose D, Campbell SM, et al. Practice assistants in primary care in Germany - associations with organizational attributes on job satisfaction. BMC Fam Pract. 2013;14:110. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2296-14-110.
Lee H, Cummings GG. Factors influencing job satisfaction of front line nurse managers: a systematic review. J Nurs Manag. 2008;16(7):768–83.
Ogresta J, Rusac S, Zorec L. Relation between burnout syndrome and job satisfaction among mental health workers. Croat Med J. 2008;49(3):364–74.
Clugston M. The mediating effects of multidimensional commitment on job satisfaction and intent to leave. J Organ Behav. 2000;21:477–86.
Nielsen K, Yarker J, Randall R, Munir F. The mediating effects of team and self-efficacy on the relationship between transformational leadership, and job satisfaction and psychological well-being in healthcare professionals: a cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Int J Nurs Stud. 2009;46(9):1236–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.03.001.
Dyrbye LN, Varkey P, Boone SL, Satele DV, Sloan JA, Shanafelt TD. Physician satisfaction and burnout at different career stages. Mayo Clinic proceedings. Mayo Clinic. 2013;88(12):1358–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.07.016.
Ishara S, Bandeira M, Zuardi AW. Public psychiatric services: job satisfaction evaluation. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2008;30(1):38–41.
Osborn LA, Stein CH. Mental health care providers' views of their work with consumers and their reports of recovery-orientation, job satisfaction, and personal growth. Community Ment Health J. 2016;52(7):757–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-015-9927-8.
Brazil K, Wakefield DB, Cloutier MM, Tennen H, Hall CB. Organizational culture predicts job satisfaction and perceived clinical effectiveness in pediatric primary care practices. Health Care Manag Rev. 2010;35(4):365–71. https://doi.org/10.1097/HMR.0b013e3181edd957.
Heritage B, Pollock C, Roberts L. Validation of the organizational culture assessment instrument. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e92879. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0092879.
Hartnell CA, AY O, Kinicki A. Organizational culture and organizational effectiveness: a meta-analytic investigation of the competing values framework's theoretical suppositions. J Appl Psychology. 2011;96(4):677–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021987.
Antoni C, Hertel G. Team processes, their antecedents and consequences: Implications for different types of teamwork. Eur J Work Organ Psy. 2009;18(3):253–66.
Masthoff ED, Trompenaars FJ, Van Heck GL, Michielsen HJ, Hodiamont PP, De Vries J. Predictors of quality of life: a model based study. Qual Life Res. 2007;16(2):309–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-006-9114-z.
Ho WW, Chiu MY, Lo WT, Yiu MG. Recovery components as determinants of the health-related quality of life among patients with schizophrenia: structural equation modelling analysis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2010;44(1):71–84. https://doi.org/10.3109/00048670903393654.
MSSS. Plan d'action en santé mentale 2005–2010 - La force des liens. Québec: Ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux; 2005.
Fleury MJ, Grenier G, Vallee C, Aube D, Farand L, Bamvita JM, et al. Implementation of the Quebec mental health reform (2005-2015). BMC Health Serv Res. 2016;16(1):586. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1832-5.
Spector PE. Measurement of human service staff satisfaction: development of the Job Satisfaction Survey. Am J Community Psychol. 1985;13(6):693–713.
O'Connell M, Tondora J, Croog G, Evans A, Davidson L. From rethoric to routine: assessing perceptions of recovery-oriented practices in a state mental health addiction system. Psychiatric Rehabil J. 2005;28(4):378–86.
Chiocchio F, Lebel P, Therriault P-Y, Boucher A, Hass C, Rabbat F-X, et al. Stress and performance in health care project teams. Newtown Square: Project Management Institute; 2012.
Jehn KA, Mannix EA. The dynamic nature of conflict: A longitudinal study of intragroup conflict and group performance. Acad Manag J. 2001;44(2):238–51.
Bock GW, Zmud RW, Kim YG, Lee JN. Behavioral intention formation in knowledge sharing: examining the roles of extrinsic motivators, social-psychological forces, and organizational climate. MIS Q. 2005;29(1):87–111.
Campion MA, Medsker GJ, Higgs AC. Relations between work group characteristics and effectiveness: implications for designing effective work groups. Pers Psychol. 1993;46(4):823–50.
De Dreu CK. Cooperative outcome interdependence, task reflexivity, and team effectiveness: a motivated information processing perspective. J Appl Psychol. 2007;92(3):628–38. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.3.628.
Chiocchio F, Grenier S, O’Neill TA, Savaria K, Willms JD. The effects of collaboration on performance: A multilevel validation in project teams. IJPOM. 2012;4(1):1–37.
Simons TL, Peterson RS. Task conflict and relationship conflict in top management teams: the pivotal role of intragroup trust. J Appl Psychol. 2000;85(1):102–11.
Allen NJ, Meyer JP. The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. JOOP. 1990;63(1):1–18.
Chiocchio F, Lebel P, Dube JN. Informational role self-efficacy: a validation in interprofessional collaboration contexts involving healthcare service and project teams. BMC Health Serv Res. 2016;16(1):153. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1382-x.
Anderson NR, West MA. Measuring climate for work group innovation: development and validation of the team climate inventory. J Organ Behav. 1998;19(3):235–58.
Van Dick R, Wagner U, Stellmacher J, Christ O. The utility of a broader conceptualization of organizational identification: which aspects really matter? J Occup Organ Psychol. 2004;77(2):171–91.
Cameron KS, Quinn RE. Diagnosing and changing organizational culture based on the Competing Values Framework. Revised ed. San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass; 2006.
Scammon DL, Tabler J, Brunisholz K, Gren LH, Kim J, Tomoaia-Cotisel A, et al. Organizational culture associated with provider satisfaction. J Am Board Fam Med. 2014;27(2):219–28. https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2014.02.120338.
Bollen KA. Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley; 1989.
Bentler PM. Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychol Bull. 1990;107(2):238–46.
Browne MW, Cudeck R. Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In: Bollen KA, Long JSE, editors. Testing structural equation models. Newbury Park: Sage; 1993. p. 136–62.
Akaike H. Factor analysis and AIC. Psychometrika. 1987;52(3):317–22.
West MA. Reflexivity and work group effectiveness: a conceptual integration. In: West MA, editor. Handbook of work group psychology. Chichester: Whiley; 1996. p. 555–79.
De Dreu CK, Weingart LR. Task versus relationship conflict, team performance, and team member satisfaction: a meta-analysis. J Appl Psychol. 2003;88(4):741–9.
Schultz-Hardt S, Jochims M, Frey D. Procedure conflict in group decision making: Genuine and contrived dissent as strategies to counteract biased information seeking. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 2002;88:563–86.
Bogo M, Paterson J, Tufford L, King R. Supporting front-line practitioners' professional development and job satisfaction in mental health and addiction. J Interprof Care. 2011;25(3):209–14.
Piko BF. Burnout, role conflict, job satisfaction and psychosocial health among Hungarian health care staff: a questionnaire survey. Int J Nurs Stud. 2006;43(3):311–8.
Chiocchio F, Forgues D, Paradis D, Iordanova A. Teamwork in integrated design projects: understanding the effects of trust, conflict, and collaboration on performance. PMJ. 2011;42(6):78–91.
Lepine JA, Piccolo RF, Jackson CL, Mathieu JEA. meta-analysis of teamwork processes: tests of a multidimensional model and relationships with team effectiveness criteria. Pers Psychol. 2008;61:273–307.
Lichtenstein R, Alexander JA, McCarthy JF, Wells R. Status differences in cross-functional teams: effects on individual member participation, job satisfaction, and intent to quit. J Health Soc Behav. 2004;45(3):322–35.
Kozlowski SWJ, Bell B. Work groups and teams in organizations. In: Weiner IB, Schmidt NW, Highouse S, editors. Handbook of psychology. industrial and organizational psychology. London: Wiley; 2003. p. 333–75.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank all individuals who participated in the research. We are grateful to Denise Aubé, Catherine Vallée, Geneviève Cyr and Judith Sabetti for their assistance.
Funding
This study was funded by the Fonds de la recherche en santé du Québec (FRSQ), grant number 22367, and the Prends Soin de toi Program. The authors report no biomedical financial interests or other potential conflicts of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical Approval
All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was obtained for all participants, each of whom signed a consent form. The multi-site study protocol and the consent form were approved by the Ethics Board of the Douglas Mental Health University Institute: MP-IUSMD-11-037.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
The original version of this article was revised: The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake in the author group section. The family name of Dr. François should be “Chiocchio” not “Chiochio.”
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fleury, MJ., Grenier, G., Bamvita, JM. et al. Associated and Mediating Variables Related to Job Satisfaction among Professionals from Mental Health Teams. Psychiatr Q 89, 399–413 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-017-9543-6
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-017-9543-6