Skip to main content
Log in

Social Value of Supported Employment for Psychosocial Program Participants

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Psychiatric Quarterly Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Members of a psychiatric psychosocial program designed to provide both supported employment and peer support were surveyed about their current social activities, sources of social support, and social life improvement since joining the program. Survey respondents who worked a mainstream job (n = 17) reported greater peer contact in community locations, and correspondingly greater social life improvement, than those who remained unemployed or worked volunteer jobs (n = 45). Results of a hierarchical regression analysis (N = 62) that explored this positive correlation between mainstream work, community-based peer contact, and social life satisfaction suggest that working a job in an integrated setting that paid at least minimum wage encouraged program participants to meet and interact in community locations, thereby strengthening peer mutual support while furthering social integration. This unique pattern of findings requires replication, and we recommend that other psychosocial programs conduct similar quality improvement studies to provide further insights into the relationship between peer support and community integration.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Slavich GM, Thornton T, Torres LD, et al.: Targeted rejection predicts hastened onset of major depression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 28(2):223–243, 2009

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Morgan C, Burns T, Fitzpatrick R, et al.: Social exclusion and mental health. British Journal of Psychiatry 191:477–483, 2007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Cacioppo JT, Hughes ME, Waite LJ, et al.: Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychology and Aging 21(1):140–151, 2006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Cacioppo JT, Patrick W: Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection. New York, NY, W W Norton, 2008

    Google Scholar 

  5. Birchwood M: Pathways to emotional dysfunction in first episode psychosis. Journal of Psychosis 182:373–375, 2003

    Google Scholar 

  6. Gilbert P, Boxall M, Cheung M, et al.: The relation of paranoid ideation and social anxiety in a mixed clinical population. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 12:124–133, 2005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Avison WR, Mcleod JD, Pescosolido BA: Mental Health, Social Mirror. New York, NY, Springer, 2007

    Book  Google Scholar 

  8. Nilsson B, Naden D, Lindstrom UA: The tune of want in the loneliness melody—Loneliness experienced by people with serious mental suffering. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Science 22:161–169, 2008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Gearing RE, Mian I, Sholonsky A, et al.: Developing a risk-model of time to first-relapse for children and adolescents with a psychotic disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 197(1):6–14, 2009

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Corrigan PW, Phelan SM: Social support and recovery in people with serious mental illnesses. Community Mental Health Journal 40(6):513–523, 2004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Brunt D, Hansson L: The social networks of persons with severe mental illness in in-patient settings and supported community settings. Journal of Mental Health UK 11(6):611–621, 2002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Meeks S, Hammond CT: Social network characteristics among older outpatients with long-term mental illness. Journal of Mental Health & Aging 7(4):445–464, 2001

    Google Scholar 

  13. Goldberg RW, Rollins AL, Lehman AF: Social network correlates among people with psychiatric disabilities. Psychatric Rehabilitation Journal 26(4):393–402, 2003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Kilbourne AM, McCarthy JF, Post EP, et al.: Social support among veterans with serious mental illness. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology 42:639–646, 2007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Pescosolido BA, Wright ER: The view from two worlds: The convergence of social network reports between mental health clients and their ties. Social Science & Medicine 58:1795–1806, 2004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Macdonald EM, Hayes RL, Baglioni AJ: The quantity and quality of the social networks of young people with early psychosis compared with closely matched controls. Schizophrenia Research 46(1):25–30, 2000

    Google Scholar 

  17. Green G, Hayes C, Dickinson D, et al.: The role and impact of social relationships upon wellbeing reported by mental health service users: A qualitative study. Journal of Mental Health 11(5):565–579, 2002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Padgett DK, Henwood B, Abrams C, et al.: Social relationships among persons who have experienced serious mental illness, substance abuse, and homelessness: Implications for recovery. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 78(3):333–339, 2008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Rogers ES, Anthony W, Lyass A: The nature and dimensions of social support among individuals with severe mental illnesses. Community Mental Health Journal 40(5):437–450, 2004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Brekke JS, Long JD, Kay DD: The structure and invariance of a model of social functioning in schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease 190(2):63–72, 2002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Boski P: Five meanings of integration in acculturation research. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 32(2):142–153, 2008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. van de Ven L, Post M, de Witte L, et al.: It takes two to tango: The integration of people with disabilities into society. Disability & Society 20(3):311–329, 2005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Scheff TJ: A concept of social integration. Philosophical Psychology 20(5):579–593, 2007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Ware NC, Hopper K, Tugenberg T, et al.: Connectedness and citizenship: Redefining social integration. Psychiatric Services 58(4):469–474, 2007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Eklund M, Hansson L: Social network among people with persistent mental illness: Associations with sociodemographic, clinical, and health-related factors. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 53(4):293–305, 2007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Townley G, Kloos B: Development of a measure of sense of community for individuals with serious mental illness residing in community settings. Journal of Community Psychology 37(3):362–380, 2009

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Mezzina R, Borg M, Marin I, et al.: From participation to citizenship: How to regain a role, a status, and a life in the process of recovery. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation 9:39–61, 2006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Staeheli M, Stayner D, Davidson L: Pathways to friendship in the lives of people with psychosis: Incorporating narrative into experimental research. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology 35(2):233–252, 2004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Davidson L, Shahar G, Stayner D, et al.: Supported socialization for people with psychiatric disabilities: Lessons from a randomized trial. Journal of Community Psychology 32(4):453–477, 2004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. McCorkle BH, Rogers ES, Dunn EC, et al.: Increasing social support for individuals with serious mental illness: Evaluating the Compeer Model of Intentional Friendship. Community Mental Health Journal 44:359–366, 2008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Perese EF, Wolf M: Combating loneliness among persons with severe mental illness: Social network interventions’ characteristics, effectiveness, and applicability. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 26:591–609, 2005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Schutt RK, Rogers ES: Empowerment and peer support: Structure and process of self-help in a consumer-run center for individuals with mental illness. Journal of Community Psychology 37(6):697–710, 2009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Davidson L, Chinman MJ, Kloos B, et al.: Peer support among individuals with severe mental illness: A review of the evidence. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 9(2):165–187, 1999

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Whitley R, Harris M, Fallot RD, et al.: The active ingredients of intentional recovery communities: Focus group evaluation. Journal of Mental Health 17(2):173–182, 2008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Forrester-Jones R, Barnes A: On being a girlfriend not a patient: The quest for an acceptable identity amongst people diagnosed with a severe mental illness. Journal of Mental Health 17(2):153–172, 2008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Catty J, Goddard K, White S, et al.: Social networks among users of mental health day care: Predictors of social contacts and confiding relationships. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology 40:467–474, 2005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Forrester-Jones R, Jones S, Heason S, et al.: Supported employment: a route to social networks. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities 17:199–208, 2004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Riches VC, Green VA: Social integration in the workplace for people with disabilities: An Australian perspective. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 19:127–142, 2003

    Google Scholar 

  39. Banks B, Charleston S, Grossi T, et al.: Workplace supports, job performance, and integration outcomes for people with psychiatric disabilities. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 24(4):389–396, 2001

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Rüesch P, Graf J, Meyer PC, et al.: Occupation, social support and quality of life in persons with schizophrenic or affective disorders. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology 39:686–694, 2004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Salyers MP, Becker DR, Drake RE, et al.: A ten-year follow-up of a supported employment program. Psychiatric Services 55(3):302–308, 2004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Rollins AL, Mueser KT, Bond GR, et al.: Social relationships at work: Does the employment model make a difference? Psychatric Rehabilitation Journal 26(1):51–61, 2002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Petryshen PM, Hawkins JD, Fronchak TA: An evaluation of the social recreation component of a mental health program. Psychatric Rehabilitation Journal 24(3):293–298, 2001

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Mueser KT, Clark RE, Haines M, et al.: The Hartford study of supported employment for persons with severe mental illness. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 72(3):479–490, 2004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Burns T, Catty J, White S, et al.: The impact of supported employment and working on clinical and social functioning: Results of an international study of Individual Placement and Support. Schizophrenia Bulletin 35(5):949–958, 2009

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Drake RE, McHugo GJ, Bebout RR, et al.: A randomized clinical trial of supported employment for inner-city patients with severe mental disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 56:627–633, 1999

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Bond GR, Resnick SG, Drake RE, et al.: Does competitive employment improve nonvocational outcomes for people with severe mental illness? Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 69(3):489–501, 2001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Perkins DV, Raines JA, Tschopp MK, et al.: Gainful employment reduces stigma toward people recovering from schizophrenia. Community Mental Health Journal 45:158–162, 2009

    Google Scholar 

  49. Rogers JA: Work is key to recovery. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal 18(4):5–10, 1995

    Google Scholar 

  50. Heider D, Angermeyer MC, Winkler I, et al.: A prospective study of Quality of Life in schizophrenia in three European countries. Schizophrenia Research 93:194–202, 2007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Catty J, Lissouba P, White S, et al.: Predictors of employment for people with severe mental illness: Results of an international six-centre randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 192:224–231, 2008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Barriera PJ, Macias C, Rodican CF, et al.: Choice of service provider: How consumer self-determination shaped a psychiatric rehabilitation program. Psychatric Rehabilitation Journal 31(3):202–210, 2008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Barriera PJ, Tepper MC, Gold PB, et al.: Adapting evidence-based interventions to fit usual practice: Staff roles and consumer choice in psychiatric rehabilitation. Psychiatric Quarterly 81(2):139–155, 2009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Department of Labor: Job Training Program Act, Disability Grant Program Funded Under Title III, Section 323, and Title IV, Part D, Section 452, vol 63, Federal Register, 1998

  55. Brekke JS, Aisley R: The client interaction scale: A method for assessing community support programs for persons with chronic mental illness. Evaluation & the Health Professions 13(2):215–226, 1990

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Lehman AF, Kernan E, Postrado L: Toolkit for Evaluating Quality of Life for Persons with Severe Mental Illness. Cambridge, MA, HSRI, 1997

    Google Scholar 

  57. Gold PB, Macias C, Barreira PJ, et al.: Viability of using employment rates from randomized trials as benchmarks for supported employment program performance. Administration & Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 2009

  58. Ware NC, Hopper K, Tugenberg T, et al.: A theory of social integration as quality of life. Psychiatric Services 59(1):27–33, 2008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paul J. Barreira.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Barreira, P.J., Tepper, M.C., Gold, P.B. et al. Social Value of Supported Employment for Psychosocial Program Participants. Psychiatr Q 82, 69–84 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-010-9148-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-010-9148-9

Keywords

Navigation