Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The Moderating Role of Gender in the Relationship Between Tobacco Outlet Exposure and Tobacco Use Among African American Young Adults

  • Published:
Prevention Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Tobacco outlet exposure is a correlate of tobacco use with potential differences by gender that warrant attention. The aim of this study is to explore the moderating role of gender in the relationship between tobacco outlet exposure and past month tobacco use among African American young adults 21 to 24 years old. This cross-sectional study (n = 283) used geospatial methods to determine the number of tobacco outlets within walking distance (i.e., a quarter mile) of participants’ homes and distance to the nearest outlet. Logistic regression models were used to test interactions between gender and tobacco outlet exposure (i.e., density and proximity). Tobacco outlets were classified based on whether or not they were licensed to sell tobacco only (TO outlets) or tobacco and alcohol (TA outlets). Neither density nor proximity was associated with past month tobacco use in the pooled models. However, gender modified the relationship between TO outlet density and tobacco use, and this relationship was significant only among women (OR = 1.02; p < 0.01; adjusted OR = 1.01; p < 0.05). This study underscores the importance of reducing tobacco outlet density in residential neighborhoods, especially TO outlets, as well as highlights potential gender differences in the relationship between tobacco outlet density and tobacco use.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Brown, Q. L., Milam, A. J., Smart, M. J., Johnson, R. M., Linton, S. L., Furr-Holden, C. D. M., & Ialongo, N. S. (2014). Objective and perceived neighborhood characteristics and tobacco use among young adults. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 134, 370–375. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.11.005.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cantrell, J., Anesetti-Rothermel, A., Pearson, J. L., Xiao, H., Vallone, D., & Kirchner, T. R. (2014). The impact of the tobacco retail outlet environment on adult cessation and differences by neighborhood poverty. Addiction. doi:10.1111/add.12718.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chuang, Y. C., Cubbin, C., Ahn, D., & Winkleby, M. A. (2005). Effects of neighbourhood socioeconomic status and convenience store concentration on individual level smoking. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 59, 568–573. doi:10.1136/jech.2004.029041.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cromely, E. K., & McLafferty, S. L. (2012). GIS and public health (2nd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Difranza, J. R., Savageau, J. A., & Aisquith, B. F. (1996). Youth access to tobacco: The effects of age, gender, vending machine locks, and “It’s the Law” Programs. American Journal of Public Health, 86, 221–224.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • ESRI (2012). ArcGIS ArcMap 10.1. Redlands, CA.

  • Fakunle, D., Morton, C. M., & Peterson, N. A. (2010). The importance of income in the link between tobacco outlet density and demographics at the tract level of analysis in New Jersey. Jounral of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 9, 249–259. doi:10.1080/15332640.2010.522890.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henriksen, L., Feighery, E. C., Schleicher, N. C., Cowling, D. W., Kline, R. S., & Fortmann, S. P. (2008). Is adolescent smoking related to the density and proximity of tobacco outlets and retail cigarette advertising near schools? Preventive Medicine, 47, 210–214. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.04.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hyland, A., Travers, M. J., Cummings, K. M., Bauer, J., Alford, T., & Wieczorek, W. F. (2003). Tobacco outlet density and demographics in Erie County, New York. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 1075–1076.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ialongo, N. S., Werthamer, L., Kellam, S. G., Brown, C. H., Wang, S., & Lin, Y. (1999). Proximal impact of two first-grade preventive interventions on the early risk behaviors for later substance abuse, depression, and antisocial behavior. American Journal of Community Psychology, 27, 599–641. doi:10.1023/A:1022137920532.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johns, M., Sacks, R., Rane, M., & Kansagra, S. M. (2013). Exposure to tobacco retail outlets and smoking initiation among New York City adolescents. Journal of Urban Health, 90, 1091–1101. doi:10.1007/s11524-013-9810-2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, S. F., Brown, T. L., Phillips, C. M., & Ialongo, N. S. (2004). The relationship between perceptions of neighborhood characteristics and substance use among urban African American adolescents. American Journal of Community Psychology, 34, 205–218. doi:10.1007/s10464-004-7415-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leatherdale, S. T., & Strath, J. M. (2007). Tobacco retailer density surrounding schools and cigarette access behaviors among underage smoking students. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 33, 105–111. doi:10.1207/s15324796abm3301_12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, W., Land, T., Zhang, Z., Keithly, L., & Kelsey, J. L. (2009). Small-area estimation and prioritizing communities for tobacco control efforts in Massachusetts. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 470–479. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.130112.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lipperman-Kreda, S., Grube, J. W., & Friend, K. B. (2012). Contextual and community factors associated with youth access to cigarettes through commercial sources. Tobacco Control. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050473.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lipperman-Kreda, S., Mair, C., Grube, J. W., Friend, K. B., Jackson, P., & Watson, D. (2013). Density and proximity of tobacco outlets to homes and schools: Relations with youth cigarette smoking. Prevention Science. doi:10.1007/s11121-013-0442-2.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, W. J., Mistry, R., Lu, Y., Patel, M., Zheng, H., & Dietsch, B. (2009). Density of tobacco retailers near schools: Effects on tobacco use among students. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 2006–2013. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.145128.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Milam, A. J., Furr-Holden, C. D., Cooley-Strickland, M. C., Bradshaw, C. P., & Leaf, P. J. (2013). Risk for exposure to alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs on the route to and from school: The role of alcohol outlets. Prevention Science. doi:10.1007/s11121-012-0350-x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milam, A. J., Furr-Holden, C. D. M., Harrell, P., Ialongo, N., & Leaf, P. J. (2014). Off-premise alcohol outlets and substance use in young and emerging adults. Substance Use & Misuse, 49, 22–29. doi:10.3109/10826084.2013.817426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miles, R. (2006). Neighborhood disorder and smoking: Findings of a European urban survey. Social Science & Medicine, 63, 2464–2475. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.06.011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Novak, S. P., Reardon, S. F., Raudenbush, S. W., & Buka, S. L. (2006). Retail tobacco outlet density and youth cigarette smoking: A propensity-modeling approach. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 670–676. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.061622.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, N. A., Yu, D., Morton, C. M., Reid, R. J., Sheffer, M. A., & Schneider, J. E. (2011). Tobacco outlet density and demographics at the tract level of analysis in New Jersey: A statewide analysis. Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy, 18, 47–52. doi:10.3109/09687630903514891.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pokorny, S. B., Jason, L. A., & Schoeny, M. E. (2003). The relation of retail tobacco availability to initiation and continued smoking. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 193–204. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3202_4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Proctor, C., Barnett, J. A., & Muilenburg, J. (2012). Investigating race, gender, and access to cigarettes in an adolescent population. American Journal of Health Behavior, 36, 513–521. doi:10.5993/AJHB.36.4.8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, R. J., Peterson, N. A., Lowe, J. B., & Hughey, J. (2005). Tobacco outlet density and smoking prevalence: Does racial concentration matter? Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 12, 233–238. doi:10.1080/09687630500035485.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reitzel, L.R., Cromley, E.K., Li, Y., Cao, Y., Dela Mater, R., Mazas, C.A., … Wetter, D.W. (2011). The effect of tobacco outlet density and proximity on smoking cessation. American Journal of Public Health, 101, 315–320. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.191676

  • Robinson, L. A., Klesges, R. C., & Zbikowski, S. M. (1998). Gender and ethnic differences in young adolescents’ sources of cigarettes. Tobacco Control, 7, 353–359.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, D., Carlos, H. A., Adachi-Mejia, A. M., Berke, E. M., & Sargent, J. D. (2013). Predictors of tobacco outlet density nationwide: A geographic analysis. Tobacco Control, 22, 349–355. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050120.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, J. E., Reid, R. J., Peterson, N. A., Lowe, J. B., & Hughey, J. (2005). Tobacco outlet density and demographics at the tract level of analysis in Iowa: Implications for environmentally based prevention initiatives. Prevention Science, 6, 319–325. doi:10.1007/s11121-005-0016-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, K. C., Stillman, F., Bone, L., Yancey, N., Price, E., Belin, P., & Kromm, E. E. (2007). Buying and selling “loosies” in Baltimore: The informal exchange of cigarettes in the community context. Journal of Urban Health, 84, 494–507. doi:10.1007/s11524-007-9189-z.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stata. (2013). StataCorp. 2013. Stata statistical software: Release 13. College Station: StataCorp LP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Storr, C. L., Ialongo, N. S., Kellam, S. G., & Anthony, J. C. (2002). A randomized controlled trial of two primary intervention strategies to prevent early onset tobacco smoking. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 66, 51–60. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(01)00184-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thornton, R. L. J., Greiner, A., Jennings, J. (2013). Alcohol outlet control policy and public health in Baltimore: Evidence and arguments about creating healthier residential neighborhoods - Policy Brief.

  • U.S. Census Bureau (2015). State and county quickfacts. Baltimore City, MD. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/24/24510.html. Accessed 21 July 2015.

  • Waller, L. A., & Gotway, C. A. (2004). Applied spatial statistics for public health data. Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • West, J.H., Blumberg, E.J., Kelley, N.J., Hill, L., Sipan, C.L., Schmitz, K.E., … Hovell, M.F. (2010). Does proximity to retailers influence alcohol and tobacco use among Latino adolescents? Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 12, 626–633. doi:10.1007/s10903-009-9303-2

  • Yu, D., Peterson, N. A., Sheffer, M. A., Reid, R. J., & Schnieder, J. E. (2010). Tobacco outlet density and demographics: Analysing the relationships with a spatial regression approach. Public Health, 124, 412–416. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2010.03.024.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeger, S. L., & Liang, K. Y. (1986). Longitudinal data analysis for discrete and continuous outcomes. Biometrics, 42, 121–130.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA

    Qiana Brown, Adam J. Milam, Nicholas S. Ialongo & Debra Furr-Holden

  2. Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W. 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA

    Qiana Brown

  3. Wayne State University School of Medicine, 320. E. Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48207, USA

    Adam J. Milam

  4. Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA

    Janice V. Bowie

  5. Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA

    Darrell J. Gaskin

Authors
  1. Qiana Brown
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Adam J. Milam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Janice V. Bowie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Nicholas S. Ialongo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Darrell J. Gaskin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Debra Furr-Holden
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Qiana Brown.

Ethics declarations

All procedures performed in this study, which involved human participants, were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Institutional Review Board at The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Funding

This research was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse grants T32DA007292 (P.I. Debra Furr-Holden, PhD), R37-DA011796 (P.I. Nicholas Ialongo, PhD) and T32DA031099 (P.I. Deborah Hasin, PhD). The funding institution had no further role in the study design; in the data collection, analysis or interpretation; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Brown, Q., Milam, A.J., Bowie, J.V. et al. The Moderating Role of Gender in the Relationship Between Tobacco Outlet Exposure and Tobacco Use Among African American Young Adults. Prev Sci 17, 338–346 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-015-0622-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-015-0622-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation