Abstract
In this work, the main activities of the plant photosynthesis process are discussed to yield a minimized mathematical model structure with photosystem II (PSII) chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) as a measurable output. After experimental validation of the model structure, we demonstrate that the states of the photosynthetic process may be observed by using this model and the extended Kalman filter method. We then show a feedback control framework that can be used to alter a given photosynthetic activity. The control framework is demonstrated with an example in which PSII ChlF is used as the feedback signal and light intensity is used as a controllable process input to regulate plastoquinone reduction. Although there are caveats, and further research is needed, the results lay the groundwork for further research on novel methods for optimization and regulation of photosynthetic activities, with a goal for sustainability.
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Abbreviations
- A:
-
Antenna molecules
- CEF:
-
Cyclic electron flow
- ChlF:
-
Chlorophyll a fluorescence
- Cytb6f:
-
Cytochrome b6f
- C a :
-
Atmospheric CO2 concentration
- C i :
-
Internal CO2 concentration in the cells
- DPGA:
-
Diphosphoglyceraldehyde
- EKF:
-
Extended Kalman filter method
- Fd:
-
Ferredoxin
- FNR:
-
Ferredoxin-NADP reductase
- FQR:
-
Ferredoxin-PQ reductase
- \({\text{H}}^{ + }_{\text{lumen}}\) :
-
\({\text{H}}^{ + } \left( {\text{s}} \right)\) in the thylakoid lumen
- \({\text{H}}^{ + }_{\text{stroma}}\) :
-
\({\text{H}}^{ + } \left( {\text{s}} \right)\) in the chloroplast stroma
- KABP:
-
3-Ketoarabinitol-1,5-bisphosphate
- LEF:
-
Linear electron flow
- NADPH:
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form
- NPQ:
-
Non-photochemical quenching of excited state of Chl
- OEC:
-
Oxygen evolving complex
- P680:
-
Reaction center Chl of Photosystem II, with one of the absorption maxima at 680 nm
- PC:
-
Plastocyanin
- PGA:
-
3-Phosphoglycerate
- PGAld:
-
Phosphoglyceraldehyde
- Pheo:
-
Pheophytin—primary electron acceptor in Photosystem II
- PID:
-
Proportion, integral, and derivative control method
- pmf:
-
Proton motive force
- PQ:
-
Plastoquinone
- PQH2 :
-
Plastoquinol
- PSI:
-
Photosystem I
- PSII:
-
Photosystem II
- Q A :
-
Primary PSII plastoquinone (electron) acceptor
- Q B :
-
Secondary PSII plastoquinone (electron) acceptor
- RuBP:
-
Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate
- WWC:
-
Water–water cycle
- XuBP:
-
Xylulose-1,5-bisphosphate
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Acknowledgements
We thank Alexendrina (Sandra) Stirbet for her critical comments that led to improvement of our paper. This project was partially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos: 51961125102, 31771680), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (No: JUSRP51730A), the Modern Agriculture Funds of Jiangsu Province (No: BE2018334), the 111 Project (B12018), and the Research Funds for New Faculty of Jiangnan University. Govindjee thanks the Department of Plant Biology and the Department of Biochemistry of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, for constant support.
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Fu, L., Govindjee, G., Tan, J. et al. Development of a minimized model structure and a feedback control framework for regulating photosynthetic activities. Photosynth Res 146, 213–225 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-019-00690-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-019-00690-1