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Induction events and short-term regulation of electron transport in chloroplasts: an overview

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Abstract

Regulation of photosynthetic electron transport at different levels of structural and functional organization of photosynthetic apparatus provides efficient performance of oxygenic photosynthesis in plants. This review begins with a brief overview of the chloroplast electron transport chain. Then two noninvasive biophysical methods (measurements of slow induction of chlorophyll a fluorescence and EPR signals of oxidized P700 centers) are exemplified to illustrate the possibility of monitoring induction events in chloroplasts in vivo and in situ. Induction events in chloroplasts are considered and briefly discussed in the context of short-term mechanisms of the following regulatory processes: (i) pH-dependent control of the intersystem electron transport; (ii) the light-induced activation of the Calvin–Benson cycle; (iii) optimization of electron transport due to fitting alternative pathways of electron flow and partitioning light energy between photosystems I and II; and (iv) the light-induced remodeling of photosynthetic apparatus and thylakoid membranes.

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Notes

  1. Here and below, the term “memory” is used colloquially to characterize the rate of post-illumination relaxation of NPQ: a slow decay of NPQ corresponds to long “memory” of photosynthetic apparatus about plant illumination.

Abbreviations

b 6 f :

Cytochrome b 6 f complex

CBC:

Calvin–Benson cycle

Chl:

Chlorophyll

CEF1:

Cyclic electron flow around photosystem I

EPR:

Electron paramagnetic resonance

ETC:

Electron transport chain

ISP:

Iron-sulfur protein

Fd:

Ferredoxin

FNR:

Ferredoxin-NADP-oxidoreductase

FQR:

Ferredoxin-quinone-reductase

FRL:

Far-red light

HL:

High light

LEF:

Linear electron flow

LHCI:

Light-harvesting complex I

LHCII:

Light-harvesting complex II

LL:

Low light

MV:

Methylviologen

NDH:

NAD(P)H dehydrogenase complex

NPQ:

Non-photochemical quenching

PAM:

Pulse-amplitude modulation

pmf :

Proton motive force

PSI:

Photosystem I

PSII:

Photosystem II

PTOX:

Plastoquinol terminal oxidase

P700 :

Reduced form of electron donor of PSI

\( {\text{P}}_{700}^{ + } \) :

Oxidized form of electron donor of PSI

Pc:

Plastocyanin

PQ:

Plastoquinone

PQH2 :

Plastoquinol

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SIF:

Slow induction of fluorescence

Tr:

Thioredoxin

TrR:

Thioredoxin reductase

VDE:

Violaxanthin de-epoxidase

Vx:

Violaxanthin

WL:

White light

WOC:

Water-oxidizing complex

WWC:

Water–water cycle

Zx:

Zeaxanthin

ΔpH:

Transthylakoid pH difference

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by the Russian Foundation for Basic Researches (project 12-04-01267a). The author is deeply grateful to E.K. Ruuge, G.B. Khomutov, A.A. Timoshin, S.B. Ryzhikov, B.V. Trubitsin, and V.V. Ptushenko who have been involved in our common works on regulation of electron transport in chloroplasts.

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    Alexander N. Tikhonov

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Tikhonov, A.N. Induction events and short-term regulation of electron transport in chloroplasts: an overview. Photosynth Res 125, 65–94 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-015-0094-0

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